{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:11:04Z","timestamp":1760148664772,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,28]],"date-time":"2023-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685232000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41920104006","41906024","JZ2001","QNYC2102","SOEDZZ2106","SOEDZZ2207","SL2021MS021","311020004","GASI-02-PAC-ST-Wwin"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41920104006","41906024","JZ2001","QNYC2102","SOEDZZ2106","SOEDZZ2207","SL2021MS021","311020004","GASI-02-PAC-ST-Wwin"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Scientific Research Fund of Second Institute of Oceanography, MNR","award":["41920104006","41906024","JZ2001","QNYC2102","SOEDZZ2106","SOEDZZ2207","SL2021MS021","311020004","GASI-02-PAC-ST-Wwin"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41920104006","41906024","JZ2001","QNYC2102","SOEDZZ2106","SOEDZZ2207","SL2021MS021","311020004","GASI-02-PAC-ST-Wwin"]}]},{"name":"Second Institute of Oceanography","award":["41920104006","41906024","JZ2001","QNYC2102","SOEDZZ2106","SOEDZZ2207","SL2021MS021","311020004","GASI-02-PAC-ST-Wwin"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41920104006","41906024","JZ2001","QNYC2102","SOEDZZ2106","SOEDZZ2207","SL2021MS021","311020004","GASI-02-PAC-ST-Wwin"]}]},{"name":"Oceanic Interdisciplinary Program of Shanghai Jiao Tong University","award":["41920104006","41906024","JZ2001","QNYC2102","SOEDZZ2106","SOEDZZ2207","SL2021MS021","311020004","GASI-02-PAC-ST-Wwin"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41920104006","41906024","JZ2001","QNYC2102","SOEDZZ2106","SOEDZZ2207","SL2021MS021","311020004","GASI-02-PAC-ST-Wwin"]}]},{"name":"Innovation Group Project of Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai)","award":["41920104006","41906024","JZ2001","QNYC2102","SOEDZZ2106","SOEDZZ2207","SL2021MS021","311020004","GASI-02-PAC-ST-Wwin"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41920104006","41906024","JZ2001","QNYC2102","SOEDZZ2106","SOEDZZ2207","SL2021MS021","311020004","GASI-02-PAC-ST-Wwin"]}]},{"name":"Global Climate Changes and Air\u2013sea Interaction Program","award":["41920104006","41906024","JZ2001","QNYC2102","SOEDZZ2106","SOEDZZ2207","SL2021MS021","311020004","GASI-02-PAC-ST-Wwin"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41920104006","41906024","JZ2001","QNYC2102","SOEDZZ2106","SOEDZZ2207","SL2021MS021","311020004","GASI-02-PAC-ST-Wwin"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE), and its follow-on mission (GRACE-FO), provides a novel measurement of the variations in ocean bottom pressure (OBP) at global and basin scales, including those in marginal seas. However, these measurements have not yet been validated rigorously for the South China Sea (SCS). In this study, the accuracy in the monthly GRACE-FO mascon solutions in the SCS from the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), Center for Space Research (CSR), and Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) was validated with the results of the comparison with the in situ OBP records from an array of 25 pressure-recording inverted echo sounders (PIESs) that are located west of the Luzon Strait (LS). The correlation coefficient (Cor) and root mean square difference (RMSD) between the 10-month period of GSFC and PIES, spanning from July 2018 to June 2019 (with missing satellite data for August and September 2018), were 0.77 (p-value = 0.005) and 0.41 mbar (1 mbar = 100 Pa), respectively. These values suggest that the accuracy of GSFC in the SCS in this period was substantially better than that of JPL (Cor = 0.35, p-value = 0.16; RMSD = 0.74 mbar) and CSR (Cor = 0.25, p-value = 0.24; RMSD = 0.89 mbar). Moreover, the volume transport anomaly of the SCS abyssal circulation was estimated and compared based on the OBP records from GSFC and PIES observations, indicating that the GRACE-FO OBP (GSFC) can be used to monitor seasonal or longer-period variations in the SCS abyssal volume transport. Additionally, the variations in OBP from GRACE-FO were significantly overestimated on the continental shelf of the SCS, which may be attributed to signal leakage. Our findings provide reliable evidence for the application of long-term, fully covered OBP records from GRACE-FO in the SCS, and also offer a valuable reference for the application of GRACE-FO in other regions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15112804","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,28]],"date-time":"2023-05-28T15:29:52Z","timestamp":1685287792000},"page":"2804","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Validation and Evaluation of GRACE-FO Estimates with In Situ Bottom Pressure Array Measurements in the South China Sea"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Xuecheng","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hua","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China"},{"name":"School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8598-2194","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiao-Hua","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China"},{"name":"School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China"},{"name":"Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruixiang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China"},{"name":"School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juntian","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yunlong","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Nan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Ocean Circulation and Waves, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China"},{"name":"Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China"},{"name":"Marine Dynamic Process and Climate Function Laboratory, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fei","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Ocean Circulation and Waves, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China"},{"name":"Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China"},{"name":"Marine Dynamic Process and Climate Function Laboratory, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L09607","DOI":"10.1029\/2004GL019920","article-title":"The gravity recovery and climate experiment: Mission overview and early results","volume":"31","author":"Tapley","year":"2004","journal-title":"Geophys. 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