{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]],"date-time":"2025-11-06T01:05:39Z","timestamp":1762391139592,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,29]],"date-time":"2023-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685318400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42030806","42174167","42274093","BX20220130"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42030806","42174167","42274093","BX20220130"]}]},{"name":"China National Postdoctoral Program for Innovative Talents","award":["42030806","42174167","42274093","BX20220130"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42030806","42174167","42274093","BX20220130"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The finite-element (FE) method for three-dimensional (3D) airborne electromagnetic (AEM) modeling can flexibly simulate complex geological structures at high accuracy. However, it has low efficiency and high computational requirements. To solve these problems, one needs to generate meshes more reasonably. In view of this, we develop an adaptive octree meshing scheme for frequency-domain AEM modeling. The octree meshes have the characteristics of regularity and flexibility, while the adaptive algorithm can effectively refine the mesh locally. In our adaptive mesh generation, the posterior errors and weighted coefficients are used to construct the final weighted posterior errors. We verify the accuracy of our method by comparing its results with semi-analytical solutions for a half-space model. Furthermore, we use the spectral-element (SE) method and our method to calculate EM responses for an abnormal block model and compare their computational costs. The results show that our adaptive scheme has obviously technical advantages over SE method for AEM modeling with multiple frequencies and multiple survey stations. Finally, we calculate a model with complex geological structures to verify the feasibility of our algorithm in complex geological circumstances.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15112816","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,29]],"date-time":"2023-05-29T07:49:23Z","timestamp":1685346563000},"page":"2816","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["3D Airborne EM Forward Modeling Based on Finite-Element Method with Goal-Oriented Adaptive Octree Mesh"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Xue","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geo-Exploration Sciences and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun 130026, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianfu","family":"Ni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geo-Exploration Sciences and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun 130026, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Changchun","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geo-Exploration Sciences and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun 130026, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geo-Exploration Sciences and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun 130026, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Key Laboratory of Exploration Technologies for Oil and Gas Resources, Yangtze University, Wuhan 430100, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiao","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The School of Resources and Geosciences, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3634-9832","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yunhe","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geo-Exploration Sciences and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun 130026, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiuyan","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geo-Exploration Sciences and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun 130026, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geo-Exploration Sciences and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun 130026, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1071\/EG09011","article-title":"Airborne electromagnetic hydrocarbon mapping in Mozambique","volume":"40","author":"Pfaffhuber","year":"2009","journal-title":"Explor. 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