{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T03:58:23Z","timestamp":1782273503357,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,29]],"date-time":"2023-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685318400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the open foundation of the State Key Laboratory of Geodesy and Earth\u2019s Dynamics","award":["SKLGED2022-2-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SKLGED2022-2-3"]}]},{"name":"the open foundation of the State Key Laboratory of Geodesy and Earth\u2019s Dynamics","award":["22R03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22R03"]}]},{"name":"the open foundation of the State Key Laboratory of Geodesy and Earth\u2019s Dynamics","award":["ZR2021QD075"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2021QD075"]}]},{"name":"Open Research Fund Program of LIESMARS","award":["SKLGED2022-2-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SKLGED2022-2-3"]}]},{"name":"Open Research Fund Program of LIESMARS","award":["22R03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22R03"]}]},{"name":"Open Research Fund Program of LIESMARS","award":["ZR2021QD075"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2021QD075"]}]},{"name":"Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation, China","award":["SKLGED2022-2-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SKLGED2022-2-3"]}]},{"name":"Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation, China","award":["22R03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22R03"]}]},{"name":"Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation, China","award":["ZR2021QD075"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2021QD075"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Quantifying the kinematic evolution patterns of mountain glaciers near Yarlung Tsanpo River performs a major role in evaluating the glacial instability and the secondary disasters. For the Sedongpu Basin near the Yarlung Tsanpo River Valley, the dramatic geomorphic landscape variations triggered by the ice-rock avalanche events were visually identified as the dominant texture deficiencies in time-series optical images. To improve the image correlation quality broken by these image texture deficiencies, the Landsat-8\/Sentinel-2 optical images were divided into different groups, then a stepwise combination strategy was innovatively proposed to derive the glacier time-series displacement velocities in different temporal stages. The standard deviations (STD) of the optical measurements in the stable area maintained around 0.04 m\/yr for the normalized displacement velocity and maintained from 0.6 to 1.7 m for the cumulative displacement time series. The obvious variations in glacier displacement velocity were identified before each collapse event. Subsequently, the offset-tracking procedures were performed on 7 Sentinel-1A Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images to acquire the range and azimuth displacement velocities. To better reveal the dynamic mechanism of the glacier activity, the three-dimensional (3D) glacial displacement velocity was also derived by using optical and SAR results. The precipitation, temperature, and seismic activities were assumed as the main triggering factors of controlling the glacial dynamic mechanism and final collapse events. Additionally, the dynamic mechanism of the active glaciers in Sedongpu Basin conformed to a power law, which was limited by the changes of the internal stress friction force on the sliding base surface. The aim of this study is to shed a light on interpreting the precursory displacement patterns and their implicit failure mechanism of these ice-rock avalanche events with the conventional freely optical and SAR observations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15112818","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,29]],"date-time":"2023-05-29T07:49:23Z","timestamp":1685346563000},"page":"2818","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The Precursory 3D Displacement Patterns and Their Implicit Collapse Mechanism of the Ice-Rock Avalanche Events Occurred in Sedongpu Basin Revealed by Optical and SAR Observations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Chao","family":"Ding","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering and Geomatics, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Geodesy and Earth\u2019s Dynamics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Wuhan 430077, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guangcai","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5384-7630","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiang","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Geodesy and Earth\u2019s Dynamics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Wuhan 430077, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiqiang","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9556-4287","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mingsheng","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"3","article-title":"The contemporary glaciers in China based on the Second Chinese Glacier Inventory","volume":"77","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Geogr. 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