{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]],"date-time":"2025-11-26T16:43:55Z","timestamp":1764175435189,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,29]],"date-time":"2023-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685318400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62107033","2022-JCJQ-JJ-0202","HTKJ2022KL504004","Y22-CASTJJ-02","Y22-RCWYJQ1-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62107033","2022-JCJQ-JJ-0202","HTKJ2022KL504004","Y22-CASTJJ-02","Y22-RCWYJQ1-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Defense Science and Technology Foundation Strengthening Plan Fund","award":["62107033","2022-JCJQ-JJ-0202","HTKJ2022KL504004","Y22-CASTJJ-02","Y22-RCWYJQ1-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62107033","2022-JCJQ-JJ-0202","HTKJ2022KL504004","Y22-CASTJJ-02","Y22-RCWYJQ1-01"]}]},{"name":"Sustainedly Supported Foundation by the National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Space Microwave","award":["62107033","2022-JCJQ-JJ-0202","HTKJ2022KL504004","Y22-CASTJJ-02","Y22-RCWYJQ1-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62107033","2022-JCJQ-JJ-0202","HTKJ2022KL504004","Y22-CASTJJ-02","Y22-RCWYJQ1-01"]}]},{"name":"CAST Foundation of the Fifth Academy","award":["62107033","2022-JCJQ-JJ-0202","HTKJ2022KL504004","Y22-CASTJJ-02","Y22-RCWYJQ1-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62107033","2022-JCJQ-JJ-0202","HTKJ2022KL504004","Y22-CASTJJ-02","Y22-RCWYJQ1-01"]}]},{"name":"Outstanding Youth Foundation of the Fifth Academy, Aerospace Science, and Technology Group","award":["62107033","2022-JCJQ-JJ-0202","HTKJ2022KL504004","Y22-CASTJJ-02","Y22-RCWYJQ1-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62107033","2022-JCJQ-JJ-0202","HTKJ2022KL504004","Y22-CASTJJ-02","Y22-RCWYJQ1-01"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Distributed radar systems promise to significantly enhance target localization by virtue of the superiority of multi-view observations from widely separated radars, compared to their monostatic counterparts. Nevertheless, when the radar number is limited, performing target localization bears the brunt of the parameter identifiability requirement that the parameter number must be no less than the number of independent measurements. In this way, the canonical two-stage target localization method, as well as its developments, is no longer appropriate for direct application. Hence, in this paper, we propose a novel target localization method using time-difference-of-arrival (TDOA) measurements with the minimum number of radars under platform position uncertainties. The referred distributed system is a bistatic multi-receiver system, where the primary signal is transmitted by a geostationary Earth orbit (GEO) satellite while receivers are equipped on several unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). In the first stage, the reference range from the reference radar to the target is estimated by a quadratic function, and then the weighted least squares (WLS) solution of the target location is updated by substituting the range estimate back into it. In the second stage, we invoke the Taylor series approximation to further refine the target localization obtained by the first stage. It can be foreseen that the developed method is beneficial for scenarios with a limited number of radars, including engineering projects such as fire control, surveillance, and guidance, to support high-accuracy target localization. The simulation results show the superiority of the localization performance of the proposed method over other existing methods.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15112829","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,30]],"date-time":"2023-05-30T02:04:21Z","timestamp":1685412261000},"page":"2829","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["A Two-Stage Aerial Target Localization Method Using Time-Difference-of-Arrival Measurements with the Minimum Number of Radars"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Jinming","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Xi\u2019an Institute of Space Radio Technology, Xi\u2019an 710100, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xi\u2019an Institute of Space Radio Technology, Xi\u2019an 710100, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaochao","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xi\u2019an Institute of Space Radio Technology, Xi\u2019an 710100, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xi\u2019an Institute of Space Radio Technology, Xi\u2019an 710100, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xi\u2019an Institute of Space Radio Technology, Xi\u2019an 710100, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weiwei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xi\u2019an Institute of Space Radio Technology, Xi\u2019an 710100, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Caipin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xi\u2019an Institute of Space Radio Technology, Xi\u2019an 710100, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chongdi","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xi\u2019an Institute of Space Radio Technology, Xi\u2019an 710100, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Richard, A.P. 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