{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T04:25:45Z","timestamp":1780633545470,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,30]],"date-time":"2023-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685404800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"EUMETSAT Satellite Application Facility for Hydrology and Water Management (H SAF) Third Continuous Development and Operation Phase (CDOP-3)","award":["0001479 28-03-2107"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0001479 28-03-2107"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mediterranean hurricanes (Medicanes) are characterized by the presence of a quasi-cloud-free calm eye, spiral-like cloud bands, and strong winds around the vortex center. Typically, they reach a tropical-like cyclone (TLC) phase characterized by an axisymmetric warm core without frontal structures. Yet, some of them are not fully symmetrical, have a shallow warm-core structure, and a weak frontal activity. Finding a clear definition and potential classification of Medicanes based on their initiation and intensification processes, understanding the role of convection, and identifying the evolution to a TLC phase are all current research topics. In this study, passive microwave (PMW) measurements and products are used to characterize warm core (WC) and deep convection (DC) for six Medicanes that occurred between 2014 and 2021. A well-established methodology for tropical cyclones, based on PMW temperature sounding channels, is used to identify the WC while PMW diagnostic tools and products (e.g., cloud-top height (CTH) and ice water path (IWP)), combined with lightning data, are used for DC detection and characterization. The application of this methodology to Medicanes highlights the possibility to describe their WC depth, intensity, and symmetry and to identify the cyclone center. We also analyze to what extent the occurrence and characteristics of the WC are related to the Medicane\u2019s intensity and DC development. The results show that Medicanes reaching full TLC phase are associated with deep and symmetric WCs, and that asymmetric DC features in the proximity of the center, and in higher CTH and IWP values, with scarce lighting activity. Medicanes that never develop to a fully TLC structure are associated with a shallower WC, weaker and more sparse DC activity, and lower CTHs and IWP values. Ultimately, this study illustrates the potential of PMW radiometry in providing insights into dynamic and thermodynamic processes associated with Medicanes\u2019 WC characteristics and evolution to TLCs, thus contributing to the ongoing discussion about Medicanes\u2019 definition.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15112838","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,31]],"date-time":"2023-05-31T02:27:30Z","timestamp":1685500050000},"page":"2838","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Warm Core and Deep Convection in Medicanes: A Passive Microwave-Based Investigation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5170-7087","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulia","family":"Panegrossi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (CNR-ISAC), 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leo Pio","family":"D\u2019Adderio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (CNR-ISAC), 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1513-1930","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stavros","family":"Dafis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, 15236 Athens, Greece"},{"name":"Data4Risk, 75015 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Rysman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LMD & LadHyX, CNRS, \u00c9cole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91120 Palaiseau, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7203-4232","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniele","family":"Casella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (CNR-ISAC), 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Dietrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (CNR-ISAC), 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7059-1043","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo","family":"San\u00f2","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (CNR-ISAC), 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.3489","article-title":"Assessing the Predictability of Medicanes in ECMWF Ensemble Forecasts Using an Object-based Approach","volume":"145","author":"Riemer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Q. 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