{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T05:03:56Z","timestamp":1772082236128,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,31]],"date-time":"2023-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685491200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42001412"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42001412"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["52274169"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52274169"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["52075382"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52075382"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["20210214-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20210214-2"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Plan of Guilin","award":["42001412"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42001412"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Plan of Guilin","award":["52274169"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52274169"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Plan of Guilin","award":["52075382"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52075382"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Plan of Guilin","award":["20210214-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20210214-2"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A robust and effective method for the identification of point-distributed coded targets (IPCT) in a video-simultaneous triangulation and resection system (V-STARS) was reported recently. However, its limitations were the setting of critical parameters, it being non-adaptive, making misidentifications in certain conditions, having low positioning precision, and its identification effect being slightly inferior to that of the V-STARS. Aiming to address these shortcomings of IPCT, an improved IPCT, named I-IPCT, with an adaptive binarization, a more precise ellipse-center localization, and especially an invariance of the point\u2013line distance ratio (PLDR), was proposed. In the process of edge extraction, the adaptive threshold Gaussian function was adopted to realize the acquisition of an adaptive binarization threshold. For the process of center positioning of round targets, the gray cubic weighted centroid algorithm was adopted to realize high-precision center localization. In the template point recognition procedure, the invariant of the PLDR was used to realize the determination of template points adaptively. In the decoding procedure, the invariant of the PLDR was adopted to eliminate confusion. Experiments in indoor, outdoor, and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) settings were carried out; meanwhile, sufficient comparisons with IPCT and V-STARS were performed. The results show that the improvements can make the identification approximately parameter-free and more accurate. Meanwhile, it presented a high three-dimensional measurement precision in close-range photogrammetry. The improved IPCT performed equally well as the commercial software V-STARS on the whole and was slightly superior to it in the UAV test, in which it provided a fantastic open solution using these kinds of coded targets and making it convenient for researchers to freely apply the coded targets in many aspects, including UAV photogrammetry for high-precision automatic image matching and three-dimensional real-scene reconstruction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15112859","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T02:12:45Z","timestamp":1685585565000},"page":"2859","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Improved Identification for Point-Distributed Coded Targets with Self-Adaption and High Accuracy in Photogrammetry"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Yang","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geosciences and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2736-9102","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ximin","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geosciences and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9450-2030","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qiang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geographic and Environment Science, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China"}]},{"given":"Yanbiao","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"152","article-title":"Close-range industrial photogrammetry and application: Review and outlook","volume":"11568","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"AOPC 2020 Opt. 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