{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T18:49:09Z","timestamp":1775674149395,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":143,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,31]],"date-time":"2023-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685491200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42201116"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42201116"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021xjkk0805"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021xjkk0805"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Third Xinjiang Scientific Expedition and Research","award":["42201116"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42201116"]}]},{"name":"Third Xinjiang Scientific Expedition and Research","award":["2021xjkk0805"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021xjkk0805"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Land use and management practices (LUMPs) play a critical role in regulating soil loss. The cover-management factor (C-factor) in Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE)-type models is an important parameter for quantifying the effects of LUMPs on soil erosion. However, accurately determining the C-factor, particularly for large-scale assessments using USLE-type models, remains challenging. This study aims to address this gap by analyzing and comparing the methods used for C-factor quantification in 946 published articles, providing insights into their strengths and weaknesses. Through our analysis, we identified six main categories of methods for C-factor quantification in USLE-type modeling. Many studies have relied on empirical C-factor values for different land-use types or calculated C-factor values based on vegetation indices (VIs) in large study areas (&gt;100 km2). However, we found that no single method could robustly estimate C-factor values for large-scale studies. For small-scale investigations, conducting experiments or consulting the existing literature proved to be more feasible. In the context of large-scale studies, employing methods based on VIs for C-factor quantification can enhance our understanding of the relationship between vegetation changes and soil erosion potential, particularly when considering spatial and spatiotemporal variations. For the global scale, we recommend the combined use of different equations. We suggest further efforts to develop C-factor datasets at large scales by synthesizing field-level experiment data and combining high-resolution satellite imagery. These efforts will facilitate the development of effective soil conservation practices, ensuring sustainable land use and environmental protection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15112868","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T02:12:45Z","timestamp":1685585565000},"page":"2868","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Global Analysis of the Cover-Management Factor for Soil Erosion Modeling"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7457-0696","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muqi","family":"Xiong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Water Cycle and Related Land Surface Processes, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}]},{"given":"Guoyong","family":"Leng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Water Cycle and Related Land Surface Processes, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0886-6699","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qiuhong","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Water Cycle and Related Land Surface Processes, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2015.08.053","article-title":"Assessment of the cover changes and the soil loss potential in European forestland: First approach to derive indicators to capture the ecological impacts on soil-related forest ecosystems","volume":"60","author":"Borrelli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecol. 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