{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T04:33:06Z","timestamp":1775190786789,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,3]],"date-time":"2023-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685750400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52170186"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52170186"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A land-use simulation model oriented toward ecological constraints is effective for evaluating the ecological impact of urban spatial planning. However, few studies have incorporated dynamically nested ecological spatial constraints into the model or fully considered the urban development, agricultural production, and ecological function among the ecological spatial constraints. Therefore, this study developed an improved land-use simulation model with dynamically nested ecological spatial constraints (LSDNE). We fully considered the multilevel ecological spatial constraints from the perspectives of ecological (ecological protection red line, EPRL), production (capital farmland, CF), and living (urban development land-use suitability, UDLS). Five scenarios in terms of future land-use distribution in 2030 were set, namely, inertial development (S1), considering EPRL (S2), considering CF (S3), considering EPRL and CF (S4), and considering EPRL, CF, and UDLS (S5). This new approach was implemented in the rapidly developing provincial capital city of Changchun, China. The results show that, due to the occupation of arable land, Changchun had the largest increase in built-up land (2019.75 km2 to 3036.36 km2) from 2010 to 2020. Terrain elevation was the most significant factor in all kinds of land expansion. According to future land spatial distribution results in 2030, under S4, Changchun\u2019s built-up land will be more compact compared with S1\u2013S3 and S5, which showed more scattered built-up land. These predicted results show that Changchun\u2019s spatial planning put forward high requirements for the efficient use of land and constraints in red-line areas. Due to a clear evaluation of the impact of ecological spatial constraints on future land expansion, the LSDNE model provides more accurate support for the efficient use of land resources and future territorial spatial planning.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15112921","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,5]],"date-time":"2023-06-05T02:18:29Z","timestamp":1685931509000},"page":"2921","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["An Improved Future Land-Use Simulation Model with Dynamically Nested Ecological Spatial Constraints"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Chaoxu","family":"Luan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100875, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6331-9567","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renzhi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100875, China"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100875, China"}]},{"given":"Shangren","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100875, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6620-1943","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhenyao","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100875, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2015.03.013","article-title":"China\u2019s energy water nexus\u2013assessment of the energy sector\u2019s compliance with the \u201c3 Red Lines\u201d industrial water policy","volume":"82","author":"Qin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Energy Pol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105536","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2021.105536","article-title":"The balance between economic development and ecosystem service value in the process of land urbanization: A case study of China\u2019s land urbanization from 2000 to 2015","volume":"108","author":"Cao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Land Use Pol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2021.129350","article-title":"Improving integrated environmental zoning from the perspective of logic scoring of preference and comparative advantage: A case study of Liangjiang New Area, China","volume":"325","author":"Luan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. 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