{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:13:51Z","timestamp":1760148831543,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,3]],"date-time":"2023-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685750400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Xinjiang Natural Science Foundation","award":["2022D01A369","41830968","2022TSYCTD0007","KJFZ202311","2021-49"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022D01A369","41830968","2022TSYCTD0007","KJFZ202311","2021-49"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2022D01A369","41830968","2022TSYCTD0007","KJFZ202311","2021-49"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022D01A369","41830968","2022TSYCTD0007","KJFZ202311","2021-49"]}]},{"name":"Scientific and Technological Innovation Team (Tianshan Innovation Team)","award":["2022D01A369","41830968","2022TSYCTD0007","KJFZ202311","2021-49"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022D01A369","41830968","2022TSYCTD0007","KJFZ202311","2021-49"]}]},{"name":"Fengyun Application Pioneering Project (FY-APP)","award":["2022D01A369","41830968","2022TSYCTD0007","KJFZ202311","2021-49"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022D01A369","41830968","2022TSYCTD0007","KJFZ202311","2021-49"]}]},{"name":"S&amp;T Development Fund of IDM","award":["2022D01A369","41830968","2022TSYCTD0007","KJFZ202311","2021-49"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022D01A369","41830968","2022TSYCTD0007","KJFZ202311","2021-49"]}]},{"name":"Flexible Talents Introducing Project of Xinjiang","award":["2022D01A369","41830968","2022TSYCTD0007","KJFZ202311","2021-49"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022D01A369","41830968","2022TSYCTD0007","KJFZ202311","2021-49"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The atmospheric temperature profiles (ATPs) retrieved through the geostationary Interferometric Infrared Sounder (GIIRS) onboard the FY-4A satellite (GIIRS\/FY-4A) can effectively fill the gap of the scarce conventional sounding data in the Taklimakan Desert (TD), the second largest desert in the world, with an area of 330,000 square kilometers. In this study, we take the experimental radiosonde observations (RAOB) from one RAOB station in the hinterland of TD and seven conventional radiosondes in the oasis region around the desert as the true values and analyze the bias distribution characteristics of GIIRS\/FY-4A ATPs with quality control (QC) flags 0 or 1 for this region. In addition, a bias comparison is made with GIIRS\/FY-4A ATPs, and the fifth generation ECMWF atmospheric reanalysis of the global climate (ERA5) ATPs. The results show that (1) Missing measurements in GIIRS\/FY-4A ATPs are the most frequent in the near-surface layer, accounting for more than 80% of all the retrieved grid points. The averaged total proportion of GIIRS\/FY-4A ATPs with QC marks 0 or 1 is about 33.06%. (2) The root mean square error (RMSE) of GIIRS\/FY-4A ATPs is less than 3 K, smaller than that of ERA5 ATPs. The RMSE of ERA5 ATPs can exceed 10 K in the desert hinterland. The absolute mean biases of GIIRS\/FY-4A ATPs and ERA5 ATPs are, respectively, smaller than 3 K and 2 K, the former being slightly larger. The correlation coefficients of GIIRS\/FY-4A ATPs with ERA5 ATPs and RAOB ATPs are higher than 0.98 and 0.99, respectively, and the correlation between GIIRS\/FY-4A ATPs and RAOB ATPs is inferior to the latter. (3) The overall atmospheric temperature retrieved by GIIRS\/FY-4A is 0.08 K higher than the temperature of RAOB, on average, while the overall temperature from ERA5 is 0.13 K lower than that of RAOB, indicating that the temperature profile obtained by integrating GIIRS\/FY-4A ATPs and ERA5 ATPs may be much closer to RAOB ATPs. (4) The probability density of the GIIRS\/FY-4A ATP biases in the TD region generally follows the Gaussian distribution so that it can be effectively assimilated in the 3-D variational assimilation modules. The probability density distribution characteristics of the GIIRS\/FY-4A ATP biases in the desert hinterland and oasis are not much different. However, due to the fusion analysis of the relatively rich multi-source conventional observation data from the oasis stations, the probability density of ERA5 ATPs biases at the oasis stations is nearer to Gaussian distribution than that of the GIIRS\/FY-4A ATPs. In the desert hinterland, where conventional observation is not enough, the probability density distributions of the ATPs biases from ERA5 and GIIRS\/FY-4A are alike. Therefore, the GIIRS FY4A can contribute to a more accurate estimation of ERA5 ATPs in the TD region.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15112925","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,5]],"date-time":"2023-06-05T02:18:29Z","timestamp":1685931509000},"page":"2925","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Validation of FY-4A Temperature Profiles by Radiosonde Observations in Taklimakan Desert in China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4735-256X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yufen","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Desert Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Urumqi 830002, China"},{"name":"National Observation and Research Station of Desert Meteorology, Taklimakan Desert of Xinjiang, Urumqi 830002, China"},{"name":"Taklimakan Desert Meteorology Field Experiment Station of China Meteorological Administration, Urumqi 830002, China"},{"name":"Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Desert Meteorology and Sandstorm, Urumqi 830002, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2996-5338","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juanjuan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7335-801X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali","family":"Mamtimin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Desert Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Urumqi 830002, China"},{"name":"National Observation and Research Station of Desert Meteorology, Taklimakan Desert of Xinjiang, Urumqi 830002, China"},{"name":"Taklimakan Desert Meteorology Field Experiment Station of China Meteorological Administration, Urumqi 830002, China"},{"name":"Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Desert Meteorology and Sandstorm, Urumqi 830002, China"}]},{"given":"Ailiyaer","family":"Aihaiti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Desert Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Urumqi 830002, China"},{"name":"National Observation and Research Station of Desert Meteorology, Taklimakan Desert of Xinjiang, Urumqi 830002, China"},{"name":"Taklimakan Desert Meteorology Field Experiment Station of China Meteorological Administration, Urumqi 830002, China"},{"name":"Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Desert Meteorology and Sandstorm, Urumqi 830002, China"}]},{"given":"Lan","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3159","DOI":"10.1175\/MWR-D-15-0366.1","article-title":"Assimilation of Synthetic GOES-R ABI Infrared Brightness Temperatures and WSR-88D Radar Observations in a High-Resolution OSSE","volume":"144","author":"Cintineo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mon. 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