{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T17:26:51Z","timestamp":1781544411103,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":134,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,6]],"date-time":"2023-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686009600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Ministry of Science and Technology of the People\u2019s Republic of China through The Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program","award":["2019QZKK0305"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019QZKK0305"]}]},{"name":"The Ministry of Science and Technology of the People\u2019s Republic of China through The Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program","award":["2020BBF02003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020BBF02003"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015811","name":"Science and Technology Department of Ningxia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019QZKK0305"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019QZKK0305"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015811","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015811","name":"Science and Technology Department of Ningxia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020BBF02003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020BBF02003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015811","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Desertification is a global eco-environmental hazard exacerbated by environmental and anthropogenic factors. However, comprehensive quantification of each driving factor\u2019s relative impact poses significant challenges and remains poorly understood. The present research applied a GIS-based and geographic detector model to quantitatively analyze interactive effects between environmental and anthropogenic factors on desertification in the Shiyang River Basin. A MODIS-based aridity index was used as a dependent variable, while elevation, near-surface air temperature, precipitation, wind velocity, land cover change, soil salinity, road buffers, waterway buffers, and soil types were independent variables for the GeoDetector model. A trend analysis revealed increased aridity in the central parts of the middle reach and most parts of the Minqin oasis and a significant decrease in some regions where ecological rehabilitation projects are underway. The GeoDetector model yielded a power determinant (q) ranging from 0.004 to 0.270, revealing elevation and soil types as the region\u2019s highest contributing factors to desertification. Precipitation, soil salinity, waterway buffer, and wind velocity contributed moderately, while near-surface air temperature, road buffer, and land cover dynamics exhibited a lower impact. In addition, the interaction between driving factors often resulted in mutual or non-linear enhancements, thus aggravating desertification impacts. The prominent linear and mutual enhancement occurred between elevation and soil salinity and between elevation and precipitation. On the other hand, the results exhibited a non-linear enhancement among diverse variables, namely, near-surface air temperature and elevation, soil types and precipitation, and land cover dynamics and soil types, as well as between wind velocity and land cover dynamics. These findings suggest that environmental factors are the primary drivers of desertification and highlight the region\u2019s need for sustainable policy interventions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15122960","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,7]],"date-time":"2023-06-07T01:38:41Z","timestamp":1686101921000},"page":"2960","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Quantitative Analysis of Desertification-Driving Mechanisms in the Shiyang River Basin: Examining Interactive Effects of Key Factors through the Geographic Detector Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2634-0460","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maurice","family":"Ngabire","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Ecological Safety and Sustainable Development in Arid Lands, Lanzhou 730000, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Ecological Safety and Sustainable Development in Arid Lands, Lanzhou 730000, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Ecological Safety and Sustainable Development in Arid Lands, Lanzhou 730000, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8595-3043","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ghada","family":"Sahbeni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geophysics and Space Science, E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Lor\u00e1nd University, P\u00e1zm\u00e1ny P\u00e9ter Stny. 1\/C, 1117 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-1963(05)80063-1","article-title":"Desertification: A general review","volume":"30","author":"Kassas","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Arid. Environ."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1002\/ldr.667","article-title":"Desertification in North China: Background, Anthropogenic impact and Failures in combating it","volume":"16","author":"Chen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Land Degrad. Develop."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/srep15998","article-title":"What Has Caused Desertification in China?","volume":"5","author":"Feng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coesh.2018.07.002","article-title":"Land degradation: Multiple environmental consequences and routes to neutrality","volume":"5","author":"Pacheco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Environ. Sci. Health"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Barbut, M., and Alexander, S. (2016). Land Restoration: Reclaiming Landscapes for a Sustainable Future, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1641\/0006-3568(2004)054[0817:DCPOD]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Dynamic Causal Patterns of Desertification","volume":"54","author":"Geist","year":"2004","journal-title":"BioScience"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2009.04.002","article-title":"Combating desertification in China: Past, present and future","volume":"31","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Land Use Policy"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160126","article-title":"The impact of climate change on aeolian desertification: A case of the agro-pastoral ecotone in northern China","volume":"859","author":"Yue","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1380","DOI":"10.1002\/ldr.3556","article-title":"Global desertification vulnerability to climate change and human activities","volume":"31","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Land Degrad. Dev."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sterk, G., and Stoorvogel, J.J. (2020). Desertification\u2013Scientific Versus Political Realities. Land, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/land9050156"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Squires, V.R., and Ariapour, A. (2023, April 07). Wildfire contribution to desertification at local, regional, and global scale, Desertification, Available online: https:\/\/www.fs.usda.gov\/rm\/pubs_journals\/2018\/rmrs_2018_neary_d002.pdf."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5826","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1131634","article-title":"Global Desertification: Building a Science for Dryland Development","volume":"316","author":"Reynolds","year":"2007","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-04638-1","article-title":"Desertification risk fuels spatial polarization in \u2018affected\u2019 and \u2018unaffected\u2019 landscapes in Italy","volume":"12","author":"Nickayin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"11","article-title":"An Overview of Land Degradation and Sustainable Land Management in the Near East and North Africa","volume":"11","author":"Ziadat","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sustain. Agric. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earscirev.2008.02.001","article-title":"Desertification in China: An assessment","volume":"88","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Earth-Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-36835-z","article-title":"Unintended consequences of combating desertification in China","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2018.01.233","article-title":"Combating desertification in China: Monitoring, control, management and revegetation","volume":"182","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fang, Y., Wang, X., Cheng, Y., and Wang, Z. (2022). Oasis Change Characteristics and Influencing Factors in the Shiyang River Basin, China. Sustainability, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/su142114354"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Zhu, G., Ma, H., Yang, J., Pan, H., Guo, H., Wan, Q., and Yong, L. (2019). Effects of Ecological Water Conveyance on the Hydrochemistry of a Terminal Lake in an Inland River: A Case Study of Qingtu Lake in the Shiyang River Basin. Water, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/w11081673"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1007\/s00254-002-0647-3","article-title":"Environmental effects induced by human activities in arid Shiyang River basin, Gansu province, northwest China","volume":"43","author":"Wang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Environ. Geol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1623\/hysj.49.3.413.54347","article-title":"The impacts of human activities on the water-land environment of the Shiyang River basin, an arid region in northwest China","volume":"49","author":"Kang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hydrol. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108882","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2022.108882","article-title":"Synergic effects of land-use management systems towards the reclamation of Aeolian Desertified Land in the Shiyang River Basin","volume":"139","author":"Ngabire","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"144","article-title":"Mapping the dynamic degree of aeolian desertification in the Shiyang River Basin from 1975 to 2010","volume":"12","author":"Liao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Cold Arid. Reg."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1002\/ldr.1040","article-title":"Experience in monitoring and assessment of sustainable land management","volume":"22","author":"Schwilch","year":"2011","journal-title":"Land Degrad. Dev."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2013.10.012","article-title":"Socio-economic and Biophysical Determinants of Land Degradation in Vietnam: An Integrated Causal Analysis at The National Level","volume":"36","author":"Vu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Land Use Policy"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marin, A.M.P., Vendruscolo, J., Salazar, J.R.Z., Queiroz, H.A.A., Magalh\u00e3es, D.L., Menezes, R.S.C., and Fernandez, I.M. (2022). Monitoring Desertification Using a Small Set of Biophysical Indicators in the Brazilian Semiarid Region. Sustainability, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/su14159735"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.02.085","article-title":"Spatial assessment of land degradation through key ecosystem services: The role of globally available data","volume":"628\u2013629","author":"Cerretelli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total. Environ."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"101","article-title":"A dynamic simulation model of desertification in Egypt","volume":"13","author":"Ramsy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Remote. Sens. Space Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cosust.2012.10.009","article-title":"Soil biodiversity, biological indicators and soil ecosystem services\u2014An overview of European approaches","volume":"4","author":"Pulleman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Environ. Sustain."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21734","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-78665-9","article-title":"Spatiotemporal dynamic evolution and driving factors of desertification in the Mu Us Sandy Land in 30 years","volume":"10","author":"Han","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3853","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-17710-7","article-title":"Anthropogenic climate change has driven over 5 million km2 of drylands towards desertification","volume":"11","author":"Burrell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fan, Z., Li, S., and Fang, H. (2020). Explicitly Identifying the Desertification Change in CMREC Area Based on Multisource Remote Data. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12193170"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"2325","article-title":"Spatial indicators for desertification in southeast Vietnam","volume":"19","author":"Hien","year":"2019","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, Q., Fu, B., Shi, P., Thomas, C., Zhang, J., and Xu, H. (2017). Satellite Monitoring the Spatial-Temporal Dynamics of Desertification in Response to Climate Change and Human Activities across the Ordos Plateau, China. Remote Sens., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9060525"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3539","DOI":"10.1002\/ldr.4407","article-title":"Spatial and temporal dynamics of desertification and its driving mechanism in Hexi region","volume":"33","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Land Degrad. Dev."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1007\/s40333-013-0181-z","article-title":"Desertification dynamic and the relative roles of climate change and human activities in desertification in the Heihe River Basin based on NPP","volume":"5","author":"Zhou","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Arid. Land"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107908","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2021.107908","article-title":"Monitoring desertification in Mongolia based on Landsat images and Google Earth Engine from 1990 to 2020","volume":"129","author":"Meng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9552","DOI":"10.3390\/rs6109552","article-title":"Assessing Land Degradation and Desertification UsingVegetation Index Data: Current Frameworksand Future Directions","volume":"5","author":"Higginbottom","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2023.106185","article-title":"Satellite-derived aridity index reveals China\u2019s drying in recent two decades","volume":"26","author":"Yao","year":"2023","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/s11442-020-1713-z","article-title":"Spatiotemporal variations of aridity index over the Belt and Road region under the 1.5 \u00b0C and 2.0 \u00b0C warming scenarios","volume":"30","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Geogr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5256","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.6137","article-title":"Comparison of the aridity index and its drivers in eight climatic regions in China in recent years and in future projections","volume":"39","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"E2600","article-title":"Desertification susceptibility over Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, based on aridity indices and geoprocessing","volume":"41","author":"Bohr","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2014.08.008","article-title":"A systematic approach to model the influence of the type and density of vegetation cover on urban heat using remote sensing","volume":"132","author":"Adams","year":"2014","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban. Plan."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.124330","article-title":"Quantifying influences of natural and anthropogenic factors on vegetation changes using structural equation modeling: A case study in Jiangsu Province, China","volume":"280","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, S., Li, X., Gong, J., Dang, D., Dou, H., and Lyu, X. (2022). Quantitative Analysis of Natural and Anthropogenic Factors Influencing Vegetation NDVI Changes in Temperate Drylands from a Spatial Stratified Heterogeneity Perspective: A Case Study of Inner Mongolia Grasslands, China. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14143320"},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"116","article-title":"Geodetector: Principle and prospective","volume":"72","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Geogr. Sin."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, S., Zhou, Y., Yu, Y., Li, F., Zhang, R., and Li, W. (2022). Using the Geodetector Method to Characterize the Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Vegetation and Its Interaction with Environmental Factors in the Qinba Mountains, China. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14225794"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109568","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2022.109568","article-title":"Analysis of the heterogeneity of landscape risk evolution and driving factors based on a combined GeoDa and Geodetector model","volume":"144","author":"Ren","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10038","DOI":"10.1007\/s10668-020-01045-w","article-title":"Temporal and spatial variations of water resources constraint intensity on urbanization in the Shiyang River Basin, China","volume":"23","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Dev. Sustain."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4985","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.13918","article-title":"Dissolved organic carbon transport in the Qilian mountainous areas of China","volume":"34","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hydrol. Process."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2033","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.7333","article-title":"Coupled surface water-groundwater model and its application in the arid Shiyang River basin, China","volume":"23","author":"Hu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hydrol. Process. Int. J."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Z., Shi, P., Zhang, X., Tong, H., Zhang, W., and Liu, Y. (2021). Research on Landscape Pattern Construction and Ecological Restoration of Jiuquan City Based on Ecological Security Evaluation. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su13105732"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2012.03.003","article-title":"Hydro-climatic trends in the last 50 years in the lower reach of the Shiyang RiverBasin, NW China","volume":"95","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Catena"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2733","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.8378","article-title":"Impact of climate change on streamflow in the arid Shiyang River Basin of northwest China","volume":"26","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hydrol. Process."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Jiang, J., Shen, B., Shen, Q., Yang, D., Tian, F., Tang, L., and Liu, Z. (2008). Study on Countermeasures for Water Resources Shortage and Changes of Ecological Environment in Shiyang River Basin, IAHS-AISH Publication."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2006.07.013","article-title":"Water resources constraint force on urbanization in water deficient regions: A case study of the Hexi Corridor, arid area of NW China","volume":"62","author":"Bao","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ecol. Econ."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"1395","article-title":"Population Distribution Evolution Characteristics and Shift Growth Analysis in Shiyang River Basin","volume":"5","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wilson, J.P., and Fotheringham, A.S. (2007). The Handbook of Geographic Information Science, Blackwell Publishing.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470690819"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guan, Q., Yang, L., Pan, N., Lin, J., Xu, C., Wang, F., and Liu, Z. (2018). Greening and Browning of the Hexi Corridor in Northwest China: Spatial Patterns and Responses to Climatic Variability and Anthropogenic Drivers. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10081270"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang, Y., Du, W., Chen, J., Wang, C., Wang, J., Sun, W., Chai, X., Ma, L., and Xu, Z. (2022). Climatic and Topographical Effects on the Spatiotemporal Variations of Vegetation in Hexi Corridor, Northwestern China. Diversity, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/d14050370"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Safanelli, J.L., Poppiel, R.R., Ruiz, L.F.C., Bonfatti, B.R., Mello, F.A.M., Rizzo, R., and Dematt\u00ea, J.A.M. (2020). Terrain Analysis in Google Earth Engine: A Method Adapted for High-Performance Global-Scale Analysis. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi9060400"},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"7158","article-title":"Classification system of China land cover for carbon budget","volume":"34","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Ecol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stavi, I., Thevs, N., and Priori, S. (2021). Soil Salinity and Sodicity in Drylands: A Review of Causes, Effects, Monitoring, and Restoration Measures. Front. Environ. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fenvs.2021.712831"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-26907-3","article-title":"Global predictions of primary soil salinization under changing climate in the 21st century","volume":"12","author":"Hassani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"100847","article-title":"Soil salinization mapping across different sandy land-cover types in the Shiyang River Basin: A remote sensing and multiple linear regression approach","volume":"28","author":"Ngabire","year":"2022","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Appl. Soc. Environ."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9626","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-018-1237-6","article-title":"Identification of the driving factors\u2019 influences on regional energy-related carbon emissions in China based on geographical detector method","volume":"25","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2008.10.021","article-title":"Spatial heterogeneity and air pollution removal by an urban forest","volume":"90","author":"Escobedo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban. Plan."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, Y., Li, P., Pan, J., Zhang, Y., Dang, X., Cao, X., Cui, J., and Yang, Z. (2022). Eco-Environmental Effects and Spatial Heterogeneity of \u201cProduction-Ecology-Living\u201d Land Use Transformation: A Case Study for Ningxia, China. Sustainability, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/su14159659"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yin, H., Chen, C., Dong, Q., Zhang, P., Chen, Q., and Zhu, L. (2022). Analysis of Spatial Heterogeneity and Influencing Factors of Ecological Environment Quality in China\u2019s North-South Transitional Zone. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19042236"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2021.107339","article-title":"Evaluating the suitability of urban development land with a Geodetector","volume":"123","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liang, X., Li, P., Wang, J., Chan, F.K., Togtokh, C., Ochir, A., and Davaasuren, D. (2021). Research Progress of Desertification and Its Prevention in Mongolia. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su13126861"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Z., Song, Y., and Wu, P. (2022). Robust geographical detector. Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf., 109.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jag.2022.102782"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1080\/15481603.2020.1760434","article-title":"An optimal parameters-based geographical detector model enhances geographic characteristics of explanatory variables for spatial heterogeneity analysis: Cases with different types of spatial data","volume":"57","author":"Song","year":"2020","journal-title":"GIsci Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1080\/13658810802443457","article-title":"Geographical Detectors-Based Health Risk Assessment and its Application in the Neural Tube Defects Study of the Heshun Region, China","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2010.02.031","article-title":"Scenario analysis of China\u2019s emissions pathways in the 21st century for low carbon transition","volume":"38","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2018.11.159","article-title":"Using the geographical detector technique to explore the impact of socioeconomic factors on PM2.5 concentrations in China","volume":"211","author":"Ding","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1080\/15481603.2013.778562","article-title":"Optimal discretization for geographical detectors-based risk assessment","volume":"50","author":"Cao","year":"2013","journal-title":"GIsci Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, R., Zhang, J., Bao, Y., and Zhang, F. (2016). Geographical Detector Model for Influencing Factors of Industrial Sector Carbon Dioxide Emissions in Inner Mongolia, China. Sustainability, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/su8020149"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jia, W., Wang, M., Zhou, C., and Yang, Q. (2021). Analysis of the spatial association of geographical detector-based landslides and environmental factors in the southeastern Tibetan Plateau, China. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0251776"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2012.01.015","article-title":"Environmental health risk detection with GeogDetector","volume":"33","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Model. Softw."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107404","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2021.107404","article-title":"Driving factors of desertification in Qaidam Basin, China: An 18-year analysis using the geographic detector model","volume":"124","author":"Han","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1007\/s41976-019-00014-w","article-title":"Recent Trends of Annual Aridity Indices and Classification of Arid Regions with Satellite-Based Aridity Indices","volume":"2","author":"Kimura","year":"2019","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kimura, R., and Moriyama, M. (2020). Use of a Satellite-Based Aridity Index to Monitor Decreased Soil Water Content and Grass Growth in Grasslands of North-East Asia. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12213556"},{"key":"ref_84","unstructured":"Kirkham, M.B. (2014). Principles of Soil and Plant Water Relations, Academic Press. [2nd ed]."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Niu, K., Qiu, J., Cai, S., Zhang, W., Mu, X., Park, E., and Yang, X. (2022). Use of a MODIS Satellite-Based Aridity Index to Monitor Drought Conditions in the Pearl River Basin from 2001 to 2021. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi11110541"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.2480\/agrmet.D-19-00003","article-title":"Determination by MODIS satellite-based methods of recent global trends in land surface aridity and degradation","volume":"75","author":"Kimura","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Agric. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kimura, R., and Moriyama, M. (2021). Use of A MODIS Satellite-Based Aridity Index to Monitor Drought Conditions in Mongolia from 2001 to 2013. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13132561"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stefanidis, K., Kostara, A., and Papastergiadou, E. (2016). Implications of Human Activities, Land Use Changes and Climate Variability in Mediterranean Lakes of Greece. Water, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/w8110483"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-1694(97)00125-X","article-title":"A modified Mann-Kendall trend test for autocorrelated data","volume":"204","author":"Hamed","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_90","first-page":"416","article-title":"The modified Mann-Kendall test: On the performance of three variance correction approaches","volume":"72","author":"Gabriel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Agrometeorology"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mex.2019.05.030","article-title":"Corrigendum to \u201cMann-Kendall Monotonic Trend Test and Correlation Analysis using Spatio-temporal Dataset: The case of Asia using vegetation greenness and climate factors\u201d","volume":"6","author":"Lamchin","year":"2019","journal-title":"MethodsX"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raj, B., and Koerts, J. (1992). Theil\u2019s Contributions to Economics and Econometrics. Advanced Studies in Theoretical and Applied Econometrics, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-011-2408-9"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1995.10476499","article-title":"The Theil-Sen Estimator with Doubly Censored Data and Applications to Astronomy","volume":"90","author":"Akritas","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Am. Stat. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2005.01.005","article-title":"Parametric (modified least squares) and non-parametric (Theil\u2013Sen) linear regressions for predicting biophysical parameters in the presence of measurement errors","volume":"95","author":"Fernandes","year":"2005","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Canadell, J.G., Pataki, D.E., and Pitelka, L.F. (2007). Terrestrial Ecosystems in a Changing World. Global Change, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-32730-1"},{"key":"ref_96","unstructured":"Hu, X., Jin, Y., Ji, L., Zeng, J., Cui, Y., Song, Z., Sun, D., and Cheng, G. (2018, January 17\u201321). Land use\/cover change and its eco-environment effects in Shiyang River Basin. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Water Resource and Environment (WRE 2018), Kaohsiung City, Taiwan."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-818234-5.00071-7","article-title":"Response of Aeolian Processes and Landforms to Climate Change and Variability","volume":"Volume 9","author":"Lancaster","year":"2022","journal-title":"Treatise on Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, F., Wang, C., and Wang, Z. (2020). Response of Natural Vegetation to Climate in Dryland Ecosystems: A Comparative Study between Xinjiang and Arizona. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12213567"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mayaud, J.R., and Webb, N.P. (2017). Vegetation in Drylands: Effects on Wind Flow and Aeolian Sediment Transport. Land, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/land6030064"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-555X(97)00018-4","article-title":"Response of eolian geomorphic systems to minor climate change: Examples from the southern Californian deserts","volume":"19","author":"Lancaster","year":"1997","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.205","article-title":"Aeolian process effects on vegetation communities in an arid grassland ecosystem","volume":"2","author":"Alvarez","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1177\/0959683616687381","article-title":"Rates and processes of aeolian soil erosion in West Greenland","volume":"27","author":"Heindel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Holocene"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McLaren, S.J., and Kniveton, D.R. (2000). Linking Climate Change to Land Surface Change, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/0-306-48086-7"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1080\/16583655.2020.1761662","article-title":"Cost and effect of native vegetation change on aeolian sand, dust, microclimate and sustainable energy in Kuwait","volume":"14","author":"Dousari","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Taibah Univ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.2489\/jswc.74.4.405","article-title":"Climate change impacts on wind and water erosion on US rangelands","volume":"74","author":"Edwards","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Soil Water Conserv."},{"key":"ref_106","first-page":"1","article-title":"Holocene Vegetation Succession and Response to Climate Change on the South Bank of the Heilongjiang-Amur River, Mohe County, Northeast China","volume":"2450697","author":"Zhao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_107","unstructured":"Singh, G., Tomar, U.K., Singh, B., and Sharma, S. (2017). A Manual for Dryland Afforestation and Management, Scientific Publishers\u2014AFARI."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, J., Kurosaki, Y., and Du, C. (2020). Evaluation of Climatic and Anthropogenic Impacts on Dust Erodibility: A Case Study in Xilingol Grassland, China. Sustainability, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/su12020629"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.2151\/sola.2009-047","article-title":"Threshold Friction Velocities of Saltation Sand Particles for Different Soil Moisture Conditions in the Taklimakan Desert","volume":"5","author":"Ishizuka","year":"2009","journal-title":"SOLA"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1571","DOI":"10.1007\/s00477-015-1082-9","article-title":"Spatiotemporal trends of aridity index in Shiyang River basin of northwest China","volume":"29","author":"Su","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stoch. Environ. Res. Risk Assess."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aqpro.2014.07.005","article-title":"Environmental Restoration in the Shiyang River Basin, China: Conservation, Reallocation and More Efficient Use of Water","volume":"2","author":"Zhu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aquat. Procedia"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shao, Y., Dong, Z., Meng, J., Wu, S., Zhu, S., Zhang, Q., and Zheng, Z. (2023). Analysis of Runoff Variation and Future Trends in a Changing Environment: Case Study for Shiyanghe River Basin, Northwest China. Sustainability, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/su15032173"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, L., Li, H., Wang, J., Chen, Y., Xiong, N., Wang, Z., Wang, J., and Xu, J. (2023). Impacts of Climate Change and Human Activities on NDVI in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Remote Sens., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15030587"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"045007","DOI":"10.1088\/2515-7620\/ac66ca","article-title":"Responses of vegetation growth to climate change over the Tibetan Plateau from 1982 to 2018","volume":"4","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2021.108483","article-title":"Dynamic vulnerability of ecological systems to climate changes across the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China","volume":"134","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_116","first-page":"769","article-title":"Study on the Climate Change of Shiyang River Basin in Chinese Arid Inland Area","volume":"46","author":"Xu","year":"2015","journal-title":"CEt"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30740","DOI":"10.1038\/srep30740","article-title":"Verification of watershed vegetation restoration policies, arid China","volume":"6","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2017.05.033","article-title":"Spatiotemporal changes of vegetation and their responsesto temperature and precipitation in upper Shiyang river basin","volume":"60","author":"Tang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_119","unstructured":"El-Baz, F., and Hassan, M.H.A. (1986). Desertification of Arid Lands, Springer."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1007\/s00254-001-0456-0","article-title":"Geological environment and causes for desertification in arid-semiarid regions in China","volume":"41","author":"Lin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Env. Geol."},{"key":"ref_121","first-page":"62","article-title":"The grassland degradation problems of the Minqin oasis, in the lower reaches of the Shiyang River Basin","volume":"19","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Pratacult. Sin."},{"key":"ref_122","unstructured":"Li, B. (2010). Desertification and Its Control in China, Springer."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.accre.2017.08.004","article-title":"Influence of climate change and human activity on water resources in arid region of Northwest China: An overview","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Clim. Chang. Res."},{"key":"ref_124","first-page":"69","article-title":"Soil salinization in the oasis areas of downstream inland rivers \u2014Case Study: Minqin oasis","volume":"537","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Math. Probl. Eng."},{"key":"ref_125","first-page":"72","article-title":"Shiyang River ecosystem problems and countermeasures Int","volume":"4","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Agric. Sci."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Castellini, M., Di Prima, S., Stewart, R., Biddocu, M., Rahmati, M., and Alagna, V. (2022). Advances in Ecohydrology for Water Resources Optimization in Arid and Semi-Arid Areas. Water, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/books978-3-0365-4748-0"},{"key":"ref_127","first-page":"4874","article-title":"Environmental Suitability Evaluation for Human Settlements in Arid Inland River Basin-A Case Study on the Shiyang River Basin","volume":"518\u2013523","author":"Wei","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Mat. Res."},{"key":"ref_128","first-page":"440","article-title":"A warning from an ancient oasis: Intensive human activities are leading to potential ecological and social catastrophe","volume":"15","author":"Kang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Sustain. Dev."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5689","DOI":"10.2166\/ws.2022.197","article-title":"Impacts of changing conditions on the ecological environment of the Shiyang River Basin, China","volume":"22","author":"Jun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Water Supply"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Du, Z., Xu, X., Zhang, H., Wu, Z., and Liu, Y. (2016). Geographical Detector-Based Identification of the Impact of Major Determinants on Aeolian Desertification Risk. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0151331"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, C., Li, Y., Wang, J., and Xiao, G. (2017). Spatial-temporal detection of risk factors for bacillary dysentery in Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei, China. BMC Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-017-4762-1"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yue, H., and Hu, T. (2021). Geographical Detector-Based Spatial Modeling of the COVID-19 Mortality Rate in the Continental United States. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18136832"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/2041-7136-1-19","article-title":"Desertification and livestock grazing: The roles of sedentarization, mobility and rest","volume":"1","author":"Weber","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pastoralism"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qi, F., Wei, L., Liu, Y., and Zhang, Y. (2004). Impact of desertification and global warming on soil carbon in northern China. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 109.","DOI":"10.1029\/2003JD003599"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/12\/2960\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:49:28Z","timestamp":1760125768000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/12\/2960"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,6]]},"references-count":134,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]}},"alternative-id":["rs15122960"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs15122960","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,6]]}}}