{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:14:57Z","timestamp":1760148897043,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,8]],"date-time":"2023-06-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686182400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005416","name":"Norwegian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["287043","NE\/P00573X\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["287043","NE\/P00573X\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005416","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000270","name":"UK Natural Environment Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["287043","NE\/P00573X\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["287043","NE\/P00573X\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000270","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Calanus finmarchicus is a keystone zooplankton species that is commercially harvested and is critical in sustaining many important fisheries in the North Atlantic. However, due to their patchy population distributions, they are notoriously difficult to map using traditional ship-based techniques. This study involves the use of a combined approach of standardized ocean colour imagery and radiative transfer modelling to identify reflectance anomalies potentially caused by surface swarms of C. finmarchicus in the northern Norwegian Sea. Here, we have standardized satellite eRGB imagery that depicts a distinct \u2018red\u2019 patch, which coincides with in situ measurements of high surface concentrations of C. finmarchicus. Anomaly mapping using a novel colour matching technique shows a high degree of anomaly within this patch compared to the surrounding waters, indicating the presence of something other than the standard bio-optical model constituents influencing the optics of the water column. Optical closure between modelled and satellite-derived reflectance signals is achieved (and the anomaly is significantly reduced) through the addition of C. finmarchicus absorption into the model. Estimations of the surface concentrations of C. finmarchicus suggest between 80,000 and 150,000 individuals m\u22123 within the extent of the identified red patch. Furthermore, analysis of the impact of C. finmarchicus absorption on the OC3M algorithm performance points to the potential for the algorithm to over-estimate chlorophyll concentrations if C. finmarchicus populations are present in the surface waters.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15122987","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,8]],"date-time":"2023-06-08T02:58:32Z","timestamp":1686193112000},"page":"2987","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Estimating Surface Concentrations of Calanus finmarchicus Using Standardised Satellite-Derived Enhanced RGB Imagery"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9051-3907","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cait L.","family":"McCarry","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Physics Department, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0NG, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6000-6090","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00fcnnje L.","family":"Basedow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9019 Troms\u00f8, Norway"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5163-7533","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emlyn J.","family":"Davies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SINTEF Ocean, 7010 Trondheim, Norway"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8023-5923","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"McKee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physics Department, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0NG, UK"},{"name":"Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9019 Troms\u00f8, Norway"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112444","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2021.112444","article-title":"Performance of Ocean Colour Chlorophyll a algorithms for Sentinel-3 OLCI, MODIS-Aqua and Suomi-VIIRS in open-ocean waters of the Atlantic","volume":"260","author":"Tilstone","year":"2021","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pocean.2013.12.008","article-title":"A review of ocean color remote sensing methods and statistical techniques for the detection, mapping and analysis of phytoplankton blooms in coastal and open oceans","volume":"123","author":"Gower","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prog. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1080\/17451000802512267","article-title":"Lipids and life strategy of Arctic Calanus","volume":"5","author":"Mayzaud","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mar. Biol. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pocean.2014.04.026","article-title":"The North Atlantic Ocean as habitat for Calanus finmarchicus: Environmental factors and life history traits","volume":"129","author":"Melle","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prog. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1093\/icesjms\/36.3.251","article-title":"Fishery and commercial exploitation of Calanus finmarchicus in Norway","volume":"36","author":"Wiborg","year":"1976","journal-title":"ICES J. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.111.145698","article-title":"A Wax Ester and Astaxanthin-Rich Extract from the Marine Copepod Calanus finmarchicus Attenuates Atherogenesis in Female Apolipoprotein EDeficient Mice","volume":"142","author":"Eilertsen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1080\/10498850.2012.741662","article-title":"Oil from Calanus finmarchicus\u2014Composition and Possible Use: A Review","volume":"23","author":"Pedersen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Aquat. Food Prod. Technol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vilgrain, L., Maps, F., Trudnowska, E., Basedow, S.L., Madoui, A., Niehoff, B., Irisson, J.-O., and Ayata, S.-D. (2023). Copepods\u2019 true colours: Pigmentation as an indicator of fitness. Ecosphere.","DOI":"10.1002\/ecs2.4489"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1351\/pac199163010141","article-title":"Biological functions and activities of animal carotenoids","volume":"63","author":"Yiki","year":"1991","journal-title":"Pure Appl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.1977.22.4.0709","article-title":"Analysis of variations in ocean color","volume":"22","author":"Morel","year":"1977","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/0079-6611(91)90032-H","article-title":"Light scattering by microorganisms in the open ocean","volume":"28","author":"Stramski","year":"1991","journal-title":"Prog. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.1997.42.3.0538","article-title":"Effects of microbial particles on oceanic optics: A database of single-particle optical properties","volume":"42","author":"Stramski","year":"1997","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Mobley, C.D., and Preisendorfer, R.W. (1994). Light and Water: Radiative Transfer in Natural Waters, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3999","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-83610-5","article-title":"The hidden influence of large particles on ocean colour","volume":"11","author":"Davies","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1038\/091531a0","article-title":"Makerel and Calanus","volume":"91","author":"Bullen","year":"1913","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Sars, G.O. (1903). An Account of the Crustacea of Norway: Copepoda, Calanoida, University Museum of Bergen."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-37129-x","article-title":"Remote sensing of zooplankton swarms","volume":"9","author":"Basedow","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weng, F., Choi, T., Cao, C., and Zhang, B. (2017, January 23\u201328). Reprocessing of SUOMI NPP VIIRS sensor data records and impacts on environmental applications. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS), Fort Worth, TX, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2017.8126953"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1922","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsr2.2008.11.019","article-title":"Mesoscale physical processes and zooplankton transport-retention in the northern Norwegian shelf region","volume":"56","author":"Zhu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Deep. Sea Res. Part II Top. Stud. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2021JC017408","DOI":"10.1029\/2021JC017408","article-title":"Transport Barriers and the Retention of Calanus finmarchicus on the Lofoten Shelf in Early Spring","volume":"126","author":"Dong","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Oceans"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Mobley, C.D., Werdell, J., Franz, B., Ahmad, Z., and Bailey, S. (2016). Atmospheric Correction for Satellite Ocean Color Radiometry."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1524","DOI":"10.1029\/2019JC014941","article-title":"Improving Satellite Global Chlorophyll a Data Products through Algorithm Refinement and Data Recovery","volume":"124","author":"Hu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Oceans"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C01011","DOI":"10.1029\/2011JC007395","article-title":"Chlorophyll a algorithms for oligotrophic oceans: A novel approach based on three-band reflectance difference","volume":"117","author":"Hu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Oceans"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pocean.2016.10.007","article-title":"A bio-optical model for integration into ecosystem models for the Ligurian Sea","volume":"149","author":"Bengil","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prog. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zaneveld, J.R.V., Kitchen, J.C., and Moore, C.C. (1994, January 26). Scattering Error Correction of Reflecting-Tube Absorption Meters. Proceedings of the SPIE 2258, Ocean Optics XII, Bergen, Norway.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.190095"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14036","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.24.014036","article-title":"Optical closure in marine waters from in situ inherent optical property measurements","volume":"24","author":"Lefering","year":"2016","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9013","DOI":"10.1002\/2014JC009909","article-title":"Impact of measurement uncertainties on determination of chlorophyll-specific absorption coefficient for marine phytoplankton","volume":"119","author":"McKee","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Oceans"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2020JC016661","DOI":"10.1029\/2020JC016661","article-title":"Inherent Optical Properties-Reflectance Relationships Revisited","volume":"125","author":"Prejato","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Oceans"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1002\/col.1049","article-title":"The development of the CIE 2000 colour-difference formula: CIEDE2000","volume":"26","author":"Luo","year":"2001","journal-title":"Color Res. Appl."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1002\/col.20070","article-title":"The CIEDE2000 Color-Difference Formula: Implementation Notes, Supplementary Test Data, and Mathematical Observations","volume":"30","author":"Sharma","year":"2005","journal-title":"Color Res. Appl."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/AMM.262.96","article-title":"A Discussion on Printing Color Difference Tolerance by CIEDE2000 Color Difference Formula","volume":"262","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Mech. Mater."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5737","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-14-5737-2022","article-title":"A compilation of global bio-optical in situ data for ocean colour satellite applications\u2014Version three","volume":"14","author":"Valente","year":"2022","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.3354\/meps07129","article-title":"Importance of feeding for egg production in Calanus finmarchicus and C. glacialis during the Arctic spring","volume":"353","author":"Madsen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-8-235-2016","article-title":"A compilation of global bio-optical in situ data for ocean-colour satellite applications","volume":"8","author":"Valente","year":"2016","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.3354\/meps176081","article-title":"A high frequency time series at weathership M, Norwegian Sea, during the 1997 spring bloom: Feeding of adult female Calanus finmarchicus","volume":"176","author":"Niehoff","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-020-0807-6","article-title":"Artificial light during the polar night disrupts Arctic fish and zooplankton behaviour down to 200 m depth","volume":"3","author":"Berge","year":"2020","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103733","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmarsys.2022.103733","article-title":"Mid-summer vertical behavior of a high-latitude oceanic zooplankton community","volume":"230","author":"Bandara","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mar. Syst."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/12\/2987\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:50:36Z","timestamp":1760125836000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/12\/2987"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,8]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]}},"alternative-id":["rs15122987"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs15122987","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,8]]}}}