{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T17:27:29Z","timestamp":1761154049440,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,8]],"date-time":"2023-06-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686182400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31960252","32260417"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31960252","32260417"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Changing landscape patterns would alter ecosystem components and functions, affecting the supply of ecosystem services. Understanding the spatial and temporal variations of ecosystem services is an important basis for ecosystem management and planning decisions and is of great significance for the realization of regional sustainable development. Based on Landsat TM\/OLI remote sensing images from 1990, 2000, 2010, and 2020 in the Li River Basin, we explored the spatial and temporal variabilities of ecosystem services in the Li River Basin over the past 30 years, from both horizontal and vertical dimensions, using modified equivalence factor method and spatial autocorrelation analysis. The research findings are as follows: (1) Forestland has consistently been the dominant landscape type in the Li River Basin, with its area continuously increasing, while farmland, water bodies, and grassland have decreased, and construction land and bare land have increased. (2) The value of ecosystem services in the Li River Basin exhibited an initial increase followed by a decrease trend, with a net increase of 9.20 \u00d7 108 yuan. Forestland contributed the most to the value of ecosystem services. (3) Hydrological regulation and climate regulation are the dominant functions of the Li River Basin\u2019s ecosystems, accounting for over 50% of the total contribution. (4) The value of ecosystem services per unit area increases with increasing slope and elevation. The segments with slopes ranging from 15 to 25 degrees and elevation zones between 200 and 500 m have the highest total value of ecosystem services. (5) The overall level of ecosystem services in the Li River Basin is relatively high and continues to rise, but areas with a low ecosystem service value are gradually concentrated. (6) The Moran\u2019s I values for ecosystem services in all four periods are greater than 0, indicating a significant positive spatial autocorrelation. The overall pattern of ecosystem services is relatively stable, but there are significant spatial variations, which are characterized by lower values in the central area and higher values in the surrounding areas. The research findings provide a scientific basis for watershed ecological environment construction, optimal allocation of land resources, and sustainable landscape management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15122996","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,9]],"date-time":"2023-06-09T01:32:34Z","timestamp":1686274354000},"page":"2996","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Multi-Dimensional Spatial and Temporal Variations of Ecosystem Service Values in the Li River Basin, 1990\u20132020"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Jinlong","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Tourism & Landscape Architecture, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China"}]},{"given":"Sicheng","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Tourism & Landscape Architecture, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China"}]},{"given":"Nan","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Tourism & Landscape Architecture, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China"}]},{"given":"Guo","family":"Qing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Tourism & Landscape Architecture, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6222-215X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chunbo","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Geography and Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China"},{"name":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Regional Ecology and Environmental Change, School of Geography and Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2016.11.030","article-title":"Ecosystem services classification: A systems ecology perspective of the cascade framework","volume":"74","author":"Paracchini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2015.06.018","article-title":"Assessing the contribution of ecosystem services to human wellbeing: A disaggregated study in western Rwanda","volume":"117","author":"Dawson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ecol. Econ."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.5751\/ES-08173-210211","article-title":"Elasticity in ecosystem services: Exploring the variable relationship between eco-systems and human well-being","volume":"21","author":"Daw","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106798","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eiar.2022.106798","article-title":"Landscape pattern simulation for ecosystem service value regulation of Three Gorges Reservoir Area, China","volume":"95","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Impact Assess. Rev."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119803","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.119803","article-title":"Exploring the interactive coercing relationship between urbanization and ecosystem service value in the Shanghai\u2013Hangzhou Bay Metropolitan Region","volume":"253","author":"Xiao","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2021.108248","article-title":"Study on the relationship among the urbanization process, ecosystem services and human well-being in an arid region in the context of carbon flow: Taking the Manas river basin as an example","volume":"132","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar, R., Verma, A., Shome, A., Sinha, R., Sinha, S., Jha, P.K., Kumar, R., Kumar, P., and Das, S. (2021). Impacts of Plastic Pollution on Ecosystem Services, Sustainable Development Goals, and Need to Focus on Circular Economy and Policy Interventions. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su13179963"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Orimoloye, I.R., Zhou, L., and Kalumba, A.M. (2021). Drought Disaster Risk Adaptation through Ecosystem Services-Based Solutions: Way Forward for South Africa. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su13084132"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, S., Chen, J., Jiang, C., Yao, R.T., Xue, J., Bai, Y., Wang, H., Jiang, C., Wang, S., and Zhong, Y. (2022). Trends in Research on Forest Ecosystem Services in the Most Recent 20 Years: A Bibliometric Analysis. Forests, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/f13071087"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2743","DOI":"10.1007\/s10980-019-00912-w","article-title":"Karst landscapes of China: Patterns, ecosystem processes and services","volume":"34","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Landsc. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127995","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2021.127995","article-title":"Identifying the impacts of natural and human factors on ecosystem service in the Yangtze and Yellow River Basins","volume":"314","author":"Fang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1007\/s10980-013-9894-9","article-title":"Landscape sustainability science: Ecosystem services and human well-being in changing landscapes","volume":"28","author":"Wu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Landsc. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoser.2017.08.013","article-title":"Linking land use change, ecosystem services and human well-being: A case study of the Manas River Basin of Xinjiang, China","volume":"27","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ecosyst. Serv."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2015.03.016","article-title":"Mapping ecosystem services demand: A review of current research and future perspectives","volume":"55","author":"Wolff","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2664.12669","article-title":"Biodiversity and ecosystem services in forest ecosystems: A research agenda for applied forest ecology","volume":"54","author":"Mori","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Appl. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106696","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eiar.2021.106696","article-title":"Landscape dynamics facilitated non-point source pollution control and regional water security of the Three Gorges Reservoir area, China","volume":"92","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Impact Assess. Rev."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecocom.2009.10.006","article-title":"Challenges in integrating the concept of ecosystem services and values in landscape planning, management and decision making","volume":"7","author":"Alkemade","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ecol. Complex."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2012.12.010","article-title":"People perception of landscape change effects on ecosystem services in small Mediterranean islands: A combination of subjective and objective assessments","volume":"112","author":"Aretano","year":"2013","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1038\/387253a0","article-title":"The value of the world\u2019s ecosystem services and natural capital","volume":"387","author":"Costanza","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, R., and Huang, C. (2021). Landscape Evolution and It\u2019s Impact of Ecosystem Service Value of the Wuhan City, China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182413015"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"418","article-title":"Effects of land use changes on ecosystem services value provided by coastal wetlands: Recent and future landscape scenarios","volume":"19","author":"Camacho","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Coast Zone Manag."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160015","article-title":"Trade-offs and synergistic relationships of ecosystem services under land use change in Xinjiang from 1990 to 2020: A Bayesian network analysis","volume":"858","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Biedemariam, M., Birhane, E., Demissie, B., Tadesse, T., Gebresamuel, G., and Habtu, S. (2022). Ecosystem Service Values as Related to Land Use and Land Cover Changes in Ethiopia: A Review. Land, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/land11122212"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoser.2022.101498","article-title":"Linking landscape dynamics to the relationship between water purification and soil retention","volume":"59","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ecosyst. Serv."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2012.01.012","article-title":"Framework for systematic indicator selection to assess effects of land management on ecosystem services","volume":"21","author":"Petz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2012.12.022","article-title":"Urban ecosystem services assessment along a rural\u2013urban gradient: A cross-analysis of European cities","volume":"29","author":"Larondelle","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200915","DOI":"10.3097\/LO.200915","article-title":"Landscapes\u2019 capacities to provide ecosystem services\u2014A concept for land-cover based assessments","volume":"15","author":"Burkhard","year":"2009","journal-title":"Landsc. Online"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2016.09.012","article-title":"Assessing changes in soil conservation ecosystem services and causal factors in the Three Gorges Reservoir region of China","volume":"163","author":"Xiao","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2012.12.002","article-title":"Uncertainties in landscape analysis and ecosystem service assessment","volume":"127","author":"Hou","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4696","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1114215109","article-title":"Ecosystem service tradeoff analysis reveals the value of marine spatial planning for multiple ocean uses","volume":"109","author":"White","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2016.07.017","article-title":"Spatio-temporal assessment of urbanization impacts on ecosystem services: Case study of Nanjing City, China","volume":"71","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2021.105477","article-title":"Factors influencing ecosystem services in the Pearl River Delta, China: Spatiotemporal differentiation and varying importance","volume":"168","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Resour. Conserv. Recycl."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106494","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2020.106494","article-title":"Spatial-temporal variation and tradeoffs\/synergies analysis on multiple ecosystem services: A case study in the Three-River Headwaters region of China","volume":"116","author":"Zheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecocom.2010.04.008","article-title":"Linking vegetation type and condition to ecosystem goods and services","volume":"7","author":"Yapp","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ecol. Complex."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1007\/s11368-015-1082-x","article-title":"Ecosystem services in changing land use","volume":"15","author":"Fu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Soils Sediments"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.05.160","article-title":"Functional diversity overrides community-weighted mean traits in linking land-use intensity to hydrological ecosystem services","volume":"682","author":"Wen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-14002-7","article-title":"Terrestrial land-cover type richness is positively linked to landscape-level functioning","volume":"11","author":"Oehri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2020.106394","article-title":"Spatio-temporal variations of ecosystem services in the urban agglomerations in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, China","volume":"115","author":"Dai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envdev.2020.100527","article-title":"Impact of land use change on ecosystem services: A review","volume":"34","author":"Hasan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Dev."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2120","DOI":"10.1007\/s11434-012-4978-5","article-title":"An analysis of the spatial and temporal changes in Chinese terrestrial ecosystem service functions","volume":"57","author":"Shi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chin. Sci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2012.02.013","article-title":"Spatial indicators for the assessment of ecosystem services: Providing, benefiting and connecting areas and landscape metrics","volume":"21","author":"Syrbe","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2018.06.069","article-title":"Spatio-temporal quantification of the trade-offs and synergies among ecosystem services based on grid-cells: A case study of Guanzhong Basin, NW China","volume":"94","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1177\/0309133312442522","article-title":"Species distribution models: Spatial autocorrelation and non-stationarity","volume":"36","author":"Miller","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prog. Phys. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1006\/jema.2001.0523","article-title":"The application of local measures of spatial autocorrelation for describing pattern in north Australian landscapes","volume":"64","author":"Pearson","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, M., Qin, K., Jia, Y., Yuan, X., and Yang, S. (2022). Land use transition and eco-environmental effects in Karst Mountain area based on production-living-ecological space: A case study of Longlin Multinational Autonomous County, Southwest China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19137587"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, H., Zhang, M., Wang, C., Wang, K., Wang, C., Li, Y., Bai, X., and Zhou, Y. (2022). Spatial and Temporal Changes of Landscape Patterns and Their Effects on Ecosystem Services in the Huaihe River Basin, China. Land, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/land11040513"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zou, Z., Zeng, F., Wang, K., Zeng, Z., Tang, H., and Zhang, H. (2020). Evaluation and Tradeoff Analysis of Ecosystem Service for Typical Land-Use Patterns in the Karst Region of Southwest China. Forests, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/f11040451"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/12\/2996\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:50:50Z","timestamp":1760125850000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/12\/2996"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,8]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]}},"alternative-id":["rs15122996"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs15122996","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,8]]}}}