{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T21:42:21Z","timestamp":1767908541038,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,8]],"date-time":"2023-06-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686182400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022YFC3003502"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC3003502"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DQJB20B18"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DQJB20B18"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Special Fund of the Institute of Geophysics, China Earthquake Administration","award":["2022YFC3003502"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC3003502"]}]},{"name":"Special Fund of the Institute of Geophysics, China Earthquake Administration","award":["DQJB20B18"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DQJB20B18"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>On 23 February 2023, an Mw 6.8 earthquake struck the border of Tajikistan and Xinjiang China, the source mechanism remains controversial according to different seismic inversions. To better comprehend the source characteristics and the surface deformation pattern, we used the ascending and descending orbital Sentinel-1A SAR data to obtain the coseismic deformation of this earthquake based on the traditional two-pass differential interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR). The source model is inverted from the InSAR coseismic deformation results. The possible Coulomb Failure Stress (CFS) transfer is analyzed based on the preferred source model. The results illustrate that the earthquake ruptured a blind left-lateral strike-slip fault of strike 28.1\u00b0 with a maximum slip of 1.53 m and the total geodetic moment is 1.99 \u00d7 1019 N\u00b7m (Mw 6.83). The strike direction and the fault characteristics suggest the Seismogenic fault is a secondary fault of the Sarez\u2013Karakul Fault System. The 2015 Mw 7.2 Sarez Earthquake plays a triggering role in the occurrence of the 2023 Tajikistan earthquake. Earthquake hazard on Sarez\u2013Karakul Fault System and Sarez\u2013Murghab Thrust System is enhanced due to the Coulomb stress loaded by the Tajikistan earthquake.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15123010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,9]],"date-time":"2023-06-09T02:03:18Z","timestamp":1686276198000},"page":"3010","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Coseismic Source Model of the February 2023 Mw 6.8 Tajikistan Earthquake from Sentinel-1A InSAR Observations and Its Associated Earthquake Hazard"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Ying","family":"Shi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geophysics, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing 100081, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5115-0397","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yongzhe","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geophysics, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing 100081, China"},{"name":"Beijing Baijiatuan Earth Science National Observation and Research Station, Beijing 100095, China"}]},{"given":"Yinju","family":"Bian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geophysics, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing 100081, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-246X.2009.04491.x","article-title":"Geologically current plate motions","volume":"181","author":"DeMets","year":"2010","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Int."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2013.10.013","article-title":"Deep burial of Asian continental crust beneath the Pamir imaged with local earthquake tomography","volume":"384","author":"Sippl","year":"2013","journal-title":"Earth Planet. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2407","DOI":"10.1002\/2017TC004581","article-title":"The 2015 Mw7.2 Sarez strike-slip earthquake in the Pamir interior: Response to the underthrusting of India\u2019s western promontory","volume":"36","author":"Metzger","year":"2017","journal-title":"Tectonics"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3738","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-30795-6","article-title":"Intracontinental deformation of the Tianshan Orogen in response to India-Asia collision","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.5194\/nhess-16-529-2016","article-title":"A Quaternary fault database for central Asia","volume":"16","author":"Mohadjer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3849","DOI":"10.1002\/2014GC005407","article-title":"A geodetic plate motion and Global Strain Rate Model","volume":"15","author":"Kreemer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2022TC007213","DOI":"10.1029\/2022TC007213","article-title":"Cyclic Fault Slip Under the Magnifier: Co- and Postseismic Response of the Pamir Front to the 2015 Mw7.2 Sarez, Central Pamir, Earthquake","volume":"41","author":"Zubovich","year":"2022","journal-title":"Tectonics"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2017.01.018","article-title":"Fault geometry of 2015, Mw7.2 Murghab, Tajikistan earthquake controls rupture propagation: Insights from InSAR and seismological data","volume":"462","author":"Sangha","year":"2017","journal-title":"Earth Planet. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1578","DOI":"10.1785\/0220150139","article-title":"Slip in the 2015 Mw 7.9 Gorkha and Mw 7.3 Kodari, Nepal, Earthquakes Revealed by Seismic and Geodetic Data: Delayed Slip in the Gorkha and Slip Deficit between the Two Earthquakes","volume":"86","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Seismol. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4774","DOI":"10.1002\/2017GL073560","article-title":"Finite-fault slip model of the 2016 Mw 7.5 Chilo\u00e9 earthquake, southern Chile, estimated from Sentinel-1 data","volume":"44","author":"Xu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1007\/s00190-018-1164-9","article-title":"Source model and Coulomb stress change of the 2015 Mw 7.8 Gorkha earthquake determined from improved inversion of geodetic surface deformation observations","volume":"93","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Geod."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1900","DOI":"10.1785\/0220200313","article-title":"Source Characteristics of the 2020 Mw 7.4 Oaxaca, Mexico, Earthquake Estimated from GPS, InSAR, and Teleseismic Waveforms","volume":"92","author":"Wen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Seismol. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2019GL086888","DOI":"10.1029\/2019GL086888","article-title":"Orthogonal Fault Rupture and Rapid Postseismic Deformation Following 2019 Ridgecrest, California, Earthquake Sequence Revealed From Geodetic Observations","volume":"47","author":"Feng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-246X.2012.05432.x","article-title":"Correcting atmospheric effects on InSAR with MERIS water vapour data and elevation-dependent interpolation model","volume":"189","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Int."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Chen, K., Shi, Y., Zhang, X., Chen, S., Li, P.e., and Lu, D. (2021). Source Model and Simulated Strong Ground Motion of the 2021 Yangbi, China Shallow Earthquake Constrained by InSAR Observations. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13204138"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sandwell, D., Mellors, R., Tong, X., Wei, M., and Wessel, P. (2011). GMTSAR: An InSAR processing system based on generic mapping tools. Scripps Inst. Oceanogr., 1\u201330.","DOI":"10.2172\/1090004"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1029\/2011EO280002","article-title":"Open radar interferometry software for mapping surface Deformation","volume":"92","author":"Sandwell","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eos Trans. Am. Geophys. Union"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"RG2004","DOI":"10.1029\/2005RG000183","article-title":"The shuttle radar topography mission","volume":"45","author":"Farr","year":"2007","journal-title":"Rev. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAA.18.000338","article-title":"Two-dimensional phase unwrapping with use of statistical models for cost functions in nonlinear optimization","volume":"18","author":"Chen","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Opt. Soc. Am. A-Opt. Image Sci. Vis."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1785\/0120000922","article-title":"Fault Slip Distribution of the 1999 Mw7.1 Hector Mine, California Earthquake, Estimated from Satellite Radar and GPS Measurements","volume":"92","author":"Zebker","year":"2002","journal-title":"Bull. Seism. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1785\/BSSA0750041135","article-title":"Surface deformation due to shear and tensile faults in a half-space","volume":"75","author":"Okada","year":"1985","journal-title":"Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1785\/0220150264","article-title":"Coseismic Deformation of the 2015 Mw 6.4 Pishan, China, Earthquake Estimated from Sentinel-1A and ALOS2 Data","volume":"87","author":"Feng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Seismol. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1086\/670067","article-title":"emcee: The MCMC Hammer","volume":"125","author":"Hogg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.2140\/camcos.2010.5.65","article-title":"Ensemble samplers with affine invariance","volume":"5","author":"Goodman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Commun. Appl. Math. Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2021.112298","article-title":"Estimating three-dimensional coseismic deformations with the SM-VCE method based on heterogeneous SAR observations: Selection of homogeneous points and analysis of observation combinations","volume":"255","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1139\/e66-014","article-title":"Secondary faulting: II. Geological aspects","volume":"3","author":"Chinnery","year":"1966","journal-title":"Can. J. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo1465","article-title":"Aftershocks halted by static stress shadows","volume":"5","author":"Toda","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1029\/98JB01576","article-title":"Introduction to special section: Stress triggers, stress shadows, and implications for seismic hazard","volume":"103","author":"Harris","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2199","DOI":"10.1029\/2001JB000646","article-title":"Global Omori law decay of triggered earthquakes: Large aftershocks outside the classical aftershock zone","volume":"107","author":"Parsons","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"B05S16","DOI":"10.1029\/2004JB003415","article-title":"Forecasting the evolution of seismicity in southern California: Animations built on earthquake stress transfer","volume":"110","author":"Toda","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21859","DOI":"10.1029\/2001JB000292","article-title":"Crustal stress field in southern California and its implications for fault mechanics","volume":"106","author":"Hardebeck","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/12\/3010\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:51:12Z","timestamp":1760125872000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/12\/3010"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,8]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]}},"alternative-id":["rs15123010"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs15123010","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,8]]}}}