{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T01:16:49Z","timestamp":1772068609518,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,9]],"date-time":"2023-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686268800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Sao Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP)","award":["#2019\/26568-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#2019\/26568-0"]}]},{"name":"Sao Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP)","award":["#311209\/2021-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#311209\/2021-1"]}]},{"name":"Sao Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP)","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}]},{"name":"Brazil\u2019s National Council of Scientific and Technological Development","award":["#2019\/26568-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#2019\/26568-0"]}]},{"name":"Brazil\u2019s National Council of Scientific and Technological Development","award":["#311209\/2021-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#311209\/2021-1"]}]},{"name":"Brazil\u2019s National Council of Scientific and Technological Development","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}]},{"name":"CAPES Brazil","award":["#2019\/26568-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#2019\/26568-0"]}]},{"name":"CAPES Brazil","award":["#311209\/2021-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#311209\/2021-1"]}]},{"name":"CAPES Brazil","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents a multi-temporal comparison of high-resolution 3D digital models from two urban areas susceptible to landslides in three time periods. The study areas belong to the S\u00e3o Paulo landslide risk mapping database and are named \u201cCEU Paz\u201d (CP) and \u201cParque Santa Madalena I\u201d (PSM). For each area, a lidar digital surface model (DSM) (2017) and two structure-from-motion multi-view stereo DSMs (2019 and 2022) built from drone imagery were combined using raster algebra to generate three digital surface models of differences (DoDs). The DoDs were able to highlight changes in vegetation cover and buildings, which are important characteristics for evaluating geological risks in an urban context. Still, they were unable to highlight changes in the ground surface. The results demonstrate that the method greatly supports monitoring, allowing for greater detail and ease of detecting large-scale changes. Even with promising results, this technique should be understood as one more tool for mapping risk areas without replacing fieldwork.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15123028","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,9]],"date-time":"2023-06-09T09:54:32Z","timestamp":1686304472000},"page":"3028","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Monitoring Geological Risk Areas in the City of S\u00e3o Paulo Based on Multi-Temporal High-Resolution 3D Models"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2264-5531","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amanda Mendes","family":"de Sousa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geosciences, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo (IGc-USP), S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-080, Brazil"},{"name":"Spatial Analysis and Modelling Lab (SPAMLab), Institute of Energy and Environment, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo (IEE-USP), S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-010, Brazil"},{"name":"Coordination of Production and Analysis of Information (GEOINFO), Municipal Secretary of Urban Planning and Licensing (SMUL), S\u00e3o Paulo City Hall, S\u00e3o Paulo 01011-100, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7093-0244","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Camila Duelis","family":"Viana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geosciences, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo (IGc-USP), S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-080, Brazil"},{"name":"Spatial Analysis and Modelling Lab (SPAMLab), Institute of Energy and Environment, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo (IEE-USP), S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-010, Brazil"},{"name":"Municipal Coordination of Civil Protection (COMDEC), Municipal Secretary of Urban Security (SMSU), S\u00e3o Paulo City Hall, S\u00e3o Paulo 01301-001, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1209-7842","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guilherme Pereira Bento","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geosciences, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo (IGc-USP), S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-080, Brazil"},{"name":"Spatial Analysis and Modelling Lab (SPAMLab), Institute of Energy and Environment, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo (IEE-USP), S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-010, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5073-5572","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos Henrique","family":"Grohmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spatial Analysis and Modelling Lab (SPAMLab), Institute of Energy and Environment, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo (IEE-USP), S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-010, Brazil"},{"name":"Institute of Energy and Environment, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo (IEE-USP), S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-010, Brazil"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oliver-Smith, A. 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