{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T00:24:18Z","timestamp":1775694258565,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,9]],"date-time":"2023-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686268800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Despite several decades of observations of ice cover in Polish lakes, researchers have not broadly applied satellite images to date. This paper presents a temporal and spatial analysis of the variability in the occurrence of ice cover on lakes in the Drawskie Lakeland in the hydrological years 1984\u20132022 based on satellite data from Landsat missions 4, 5, 7, 8, and 9. The range of occurrence of ice cover was determined based on the value of the Normalised Difference Snow Index (NDSI) and blue spectral band (\u03c1\u03bbblue). The determination of ice cover extent adopted \u03c1\u03bbblue\u00a0 values from 0.033 to 0.120 as the threshold values. The analysis covered 67 lakes with an area from 0.07 to 18.71 km2. A total of 53 images were analysed, 14 and 39 out of which showed full and partial ice cover, respectively. The cluster analysis permitted the designation of two groups of lakes characterised by an approximate range of ice cover. The obtained results were analysed in the context of the morphometric parameters of the lakes. It was evidenced that the range of the ice cover on lakes is determined by the surface area of the lakes; their mean and maximum depth, volume, length, and width; and the height of the location above sea level. The results of analyses of the spatial range of ice cover in subsequent scenes allowed for the preparation of maps of probability of ice cover occurrence that permit the complete determination of its variability within each of the lakes. Monitoring of the spatial variability in ice cover within individual lakes as well as in reference to lakes not subject to traditional observations offers new research possibilities in many scientific disciplines focused on these ecosystems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15123030","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,9]],"date-time":"2023-06-09T09:54:32Z","timestamp":1686304472000},"page":"3030","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Use of Landsat Satellite Images in the Assessment of the Variability in Ice Cover on Polish Lakes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1453-0374","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariusz","family":"Sojka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Land Improvement, Environmental Development and Spatial Management, Pozna\u0144 University of Life Sciences, Pi\u0105tkowska 94E, 60-649 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1225-1686","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariusz","family":"Ptak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hydrology and Water Management, Adam Mickiewicz University, B. Krygowskiego 10, 61-680 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2803-5419","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Senlin","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Hydraulic Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoinf.2015.06.009","article-title":"Time-series analyses of water temperature and dissolved oxygen concentration in Lake Valkea-Kotinen (Finland) during ice season","volume":"36","author":"Bai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecol. Inform."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.2166\/nh.2020.150","article-title":"The dependence of the consumption of dissolved oxygen on lake morphology in ice covered lakes","volume":"51","author":"Bengtsson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hydrol. 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