{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T22:56:00Z","timestamp":1778194560022,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,9]],"date-time":"2023-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686268800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Italian National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF)","award":["PNRA18-00289-A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PNRA18-00289-A"]}]},{"name":"Italian PNRA","award":["PNRA18-00289-A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PNRA18-00289-A"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Using a dynamical systems approach, we examine the persistence and predictability of geomagnetic perturbations across a range of different latitudes and levels of geomagnetic activity. We look at the horizontal components of the magnetic field measured on the ground between 13 and 24 March 2015, at approximately 40 observatories in the Northern Hemisphere. We introduced two dynamical indicators: the extremal index \u03b8, which quantifies the persistence of the system in a particular state and the instantaneous dimension d, which measures the active number of degrees of freedom of the system. The analysis revealed that during disturbed periods, the instantaneous dimension of the horizontal strength of the magnetic field, which depends on latitude, increases, indicating that the geomagnetic response is externally driven. Furthermore, during quiet times, the instantaneous dimension values fluctuate around the state-space dimension, indicating a more stochastic and thus less predictable nature system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15123031","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,9]],"date-time":"2023-06-09T10:52:15Z","timestamp":1686307935000},"page":"3031","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Tracking Geomagnetic Storms with Dynamical System Approach: Ground-Based Observations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6096-0220","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tommaso","family":"Alberti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Via di Vigna Murata 605, I-00143 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"INAF\u2014Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, I-00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2708-0739","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paola","family":"De Michelis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Via di Vigna Murata 605, I-00143 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4134-1560","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucia","family":"Santarelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Viale Francesco Crispi 43\/45, I-67100 L\u2019Aquila, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Davide","family":"Faranda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l\u2019Environnement, CEA Saclay l\u2019Orme des Merisiers, UMR 8212 CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay & IPSL, 91191 Paris, France"},{"name":"London Mathematical Laboratory, 8 Margravine Gardens, London W6 8RH, UK"},{"name":"Ecole Normale Superieure, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3403-647X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Consolini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INAF\u2014Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, I-00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria Federica","family":"Marcucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INAF\u2014Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, I-00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1063\/1.881919","article-title":"The Magnetic Field of the Earth: Paleomagnetism, the Core and the Deep Mantle","volume":"50","author":"Merrill","year":"1997","journal-title":"Phys. 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