{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T20:08:13Z","timestamp":1774642093769,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,9]],"date-time":"2023-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686268800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42271487"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42271487"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41930109"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41930109"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BJJWZYJH01201910028032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BJJWZYJH01201910028032"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Beijing Outstanding Young Scientist Program","award":["42271487"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42271487"]}]},{"name":"Beijing Outstanding Young Scientist Program","award":["41930109"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41930109"]}]},{"name":"Beijing Outstanding Young Scientist Program","award":["BJJWZYJH01201910028032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BJJWZYJH01201910028032"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The land surface temperature (LST), defined as the radiative skin temperature of the ground, plays a critical role in land surface systems, from the regional to the global scale. The commonly utilized daily Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) LST product at a resolution of one kilometer often contains missing values attributable to atmospheric influences. Reconstructing these missing values and obtaining a spatially complete LST is of great research significance. However, most existing methods are tailored for reconstructing clear-sky LST rather than the more realistic cloudy-sky LST, and their computational processes are relatively complex. Therefore, this paper proposes a simple and effective real LST reconstruction method combining Thermal Infrared and Microwave Remote Sensing Based on Temperature Conservation (TMTC). TMTC first fills the microwave data gaps and then downscales the microwave data by using MODIS LST and auxiliary data. This method maintains the temperature of the resulting LST and microwave LST on the microwave pixel scale. The average Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), and R2 of TMTC were 3.14 K, 4.10 K, and 0.88 for the daytime and 2.34 K, 3.20 K, and 0.90 for the nighttime, respectively. The ideal MAE of the TMTC method exhibits less than 1.5 K during daylight hours and less than 1 K at night, but the accuracy of the method is currently limited by the inversion accuracy of microwave LST and whether different LST products have undergone time normalization. Additionally, the TMTC method has spatial generality. This article establishes the groundwork for future investigations in diverse disciplines that necessitate real LSTs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15123033","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,12]],"date-time":"2023-06-12T01:59:07Z","timestamp":1686535147000},"page":"3033","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["A Simple Real LST Reconstruction Method Combining Thermal Infrared and Microwave Remote Sensing Based on Temperature Conservation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Yunfei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Resource Environment and Tourism, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China"},{"name":"Beijing Laboratory of Water Resources Security, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China"},{"name":"Laboratory Cultivation Base of Environment Process and Digital Simulation, Beijing 100048, China"}]},{"given":"Xiaojuan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Resource Environment and Tourism, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China"},{"name":"Beijing Laboratory of Water Resources Security, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China"},{"name":"Laboratory Cultivation Base of Environment Process and Digital Simulation, Beijing 100048, China"}]},{"given":"Ke","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Resource Environment and Tourism, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China"}]},{"given":"Lan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Resource Environment and Tourism, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China"}]},{"given":"Siyuan","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Resource Environment and Tourism, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China"}]},{"given":"Panjie","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Resource Environment and Tourism, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2022RG000777","DOI":"10.1029\/2022RG000777","article-title":"Satellite Remote Sensing of Global Land Surface Temperature: Definition, Methods, Products, and Applications","volume":"61","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rev. 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