{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,19]],"date-time":"2026-04-19T06:24:43Z","timestamp":1776579883023,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,13]],"date-time":"2023-06-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686614400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"INGV-DPCN","award":["ObFu 0304.010."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ObFu 0304.010."]}]},{"name":"INGV-DPCN","award":["ObFu 9999.549"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ObFu 9999.549"]}]},{"name":"INGV-DPCN","award":["ObFu 1020.010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ObFu 1020.010"]}]},{"name":"TORS","award":["ObFu 0304.010."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ObFu 0304.010."]}]},{"name":"TORS","award":["ObFu 9999.549"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ObFu 9999.549"]}]},{"name":"TORS","award":["ObFu 1020.010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ObFu 1020.010"]}]},{"name":"Pianeta Dinamico Task V2","award":["ObFu 0304.010."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ObFu 0304.010."]}]},{"name":"Pianeta Dinamico Task V2","award":["ObFu 9999.549"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ObFu 9999.549"]}]},{"name":"Pianeta Dinamico Task V2","award":["ObFu 1020.010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ObFu 1020.010"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The volatiles released by the volcanic structures of the world contribute to natural environmental pollution both during the passive and active degassing stages. The Island of Vulcano is characterized by solfataric degassing mainly localized in the summit part (Fossa crater) and in the peripheral part in the Levante Bay. The normal solfataric degassing (high-temperature fumarolic area of the summit and boiling fluids emitted in the Levante Bay area), established after the last explosive eruption of 1888\u201390, is periodically interrupted by geochemical crises characterized by anomalous degassing that are attributable to increased volcanic inputs, which determine a sharp increase in the degassing rate. In this work, we have used the data acquired from the INGV (Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia) geochemical monitoring networks to identify, evaluate, and monitor the geochemical variations of the extensive parameters, such as the SO2 flux from the volcanic plume (solfataric cloud) and the CO2 flux from the soil in the summit area outside the fumaroles areas. The increase in the flux of volatiles started in June\u2013July 2021 and reached its maximum in November of the same year. In particular, the mean monthly flux of SO2 plume of 22 tons day\u22121 (t d\u22121) and of CO2 from the soil of 1570 grams per square meter per day (g m2 d\u22121) increased during this event up to 89 t d\u22121 and 11,596 g m2 d\u22121, respectively, in November 2021. The average annual baseline value of SO2 output was estimated at 7700 t d\u22121 during normal solfataric activity. Instead, this outgassing increased to 18,000 and 24,000 t d\u22121 in 2021 and 2022, respectively, indicating that the system is still in an anomalous phase of outgassing and shows no signs of returning to the pre-crisis baseline values. In fact, in the first quarter of 2023, the SO2 output shows average values comparable to those emitted in 2022. Finally, the dispersion maps of SO2 on the island of Vulcano have been produced and have indicated that the areas close to the fumarolic source are characterized by concentrations of SO2 in the atmosphere higher than those permitted by European legislation (40 \u03bcg m\u22123 for 24 h of exposition) on human health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15123086","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,14]],"date-time":"2023-06-14T02:01:40Z","timestamp":1686708100000},"page":"3086","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Environmental and Volcanic Implications of Volatile Output in the Atmosphere of Vulcano Island Detected Using SO2 Plume (2021\u201323)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1502-3435","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabio","family":"Vita","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Palermo Via Ugo La Malfa, 153-90146 Palermo, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0882-0404","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benedetto","family":"Schiavo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Geof\u00edsica, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico"}]},{"given":"Claudio","family":"Inguaggiato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Geolog\u00eda, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Cient\u00edfica y de Educaci\u00f3n Superior de Ensenada, Baja California (CICESE), Ensenada 22860, Mexico"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3726-9946","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salvatore","family":"Inguaggiato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Palermo Via Ugo La Malfa, 153-90146 Palermo, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4419-5618","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnes","family":"Mazot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GNS Science Wairakei Research Centre, 114 Karetoto Road, Wairakei, Private Bag 2000, Taupo 3352, New Zealand"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1130\/0091-7613(1995)023<0933:MCDEFO>2.3.CO;2","article-title":"Measured carbon dioxide emissions from Oldoinyo Lengai and the skewed distribution of passive volcanic fluxes","volume":"23","author":"Brantley","year":"1995","journal-title":"Geology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sigurdsson, H., Houghton, B., Rymer, H., Stix, J., and McNutt, S. 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