{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:14:28Z","timestamp":1760148868132,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,13]],"date-time":"2023-06-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686614400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["51936001","42074042","42104032","JCTD-2021-10","BAS\/1\/1351-01","URF\/1\/5028-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51936001","42074042","42104032","JCTD-2021-10","BAS\/1\/1351-01","URF\/1\/5028-01"]}]},{"name":"Youth Cross Team Scientific Research Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["51936001","42074042","42104032","JCTD-2021-10","BAS\/1\/1351-01","URF\/1\/5028-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51936001","42074042","42104032","JCTD-2021-10","BAS\/1\/1351-01","URF\/1\/5028-01"]}]},{"name":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)","award":["51936001","42074042","42104032","JCTD-2021-10","BAS\/1\/1351-01","URF\/1\/5028-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51936001","42074042","42104032","JCTD-2021-10","BAS\/1\/1351-01","URF\/1\/5028-01"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Earthquake forecasting is the process of forecasting the time, location, and magnitude of an earthquake, hoping to gain some time to prepare to reduce the disasters caused by earthquakes. In this paper, the possible relationship between the maximum electron density, the corresponding critical frequency, and the occurrence of earthquakes is explored by means of radio occultation data based on mechanism analysis and actual earthquake-nearby data. A new disturbance frequency index is proposed in this paper as a novel method to help forecast earthquakes. Forecasting of the location and timing of earthquakes is based on the connection between proven new frequency distributions and earthquakes. The effectiveness of this index is verified by backtracking observation around the 2022 Ya\u2019an earthquake. Using this index, occultation data can forecast the occurrence of earthquakes five days ahead of detection, which can help break the bottleneck in earthquake forecasting.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15123089","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,14]],"date-time":"2023-06-14T02:01:40Z","timestamp":1686708100000},"page":"3089","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A Disturbance Frequency Index in Earthquake Forecast Using Radio Occultation Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7216-0423","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Computational Transport Phenomena Laboratory, Physical Science and Engineering Division (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia"}]},{"given":"Guangyuan","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Joint Laboratory on Occultations for Atmosphere and Climate, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Space Environment Situational Awareness, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"}]},{"given":"Weihua","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Joint Laboratory on Occultations for Atmosphere and Climate, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Space Environment Situational Awareness, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"School of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Yueqiang","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Joint Laboratory on Occultations for Atmosphere and Climate, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Space Environment Situational Awareness, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"School of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2267-698X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuhe","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China"},{"name":"National-Local Joint Lab for Bigdata Analysis and Computing Technology, Beijing 100811, China"}]},{"given":"Xiaotian","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National-Local Joint Lab for Bigdata Analysis and Computing Technology, Beijing 100811, China"},{"name":"School of Civil and Resources Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China"}]},{"given":"Hongqing","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National-Local Joint Lab for Bigdata Analysis and Computing Technology, Beijing 100811, China"},{"name":"School of Civil and Resources Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3078-864X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuyu","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computational Transport Phenomena Laboratory, Physical Science and Engineering Division (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6826(99)00080-2","article-title":"Radio occultation data analysis by the radioholographic method","volume":"61","author":"Hocke","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. 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