{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T12:39:56Z","timestamp":1780490396850,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,14]],"date-time":"2023-06-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686700800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Key Research and Development Program of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China","award":["2022B03030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022B03030"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Program of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China","award":["41971025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41971025"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Program of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China","award":["2019-XBYJRC-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019-XBYJRC-001"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Program of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China","award":["2019-XBQNXZ-B-004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019-XBQNXZ-B-004"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Program of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China","award":["KYCX22_0634"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KYCX22_0634"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2022B03030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022B03030"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["41971025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41971025"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2019-XBYJRC-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019-XBYJRC-001"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2019-XBQNXZ-B-004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019-XBQNXZ-B-004"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["KYCX22_0634"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KYCX22_0634"]}]},{"name":"West Light Foundation of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["2022B03030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022B03030"]}]},{"name":"West Light Foundation of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["41971025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41971025"]}]},{"name":"West Light Foundation of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["2019-XBYJRC-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019-XBYJRC-001"]}]},{"name":"West Light Foundation of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["2019-XBQNXZ-B-004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019-XBQNXZ-B-004"]}]},{"name":"West Light Foundation of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["KYCX22_0634"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KYCX22_0634"]}]},{"name":"Postgraduate Research &amp; Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province","award":["2022B03030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022B03030"]}]},{"name":"Postgraduate Research &amp; Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province","award":["41971025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41971025"]}]},{"name":"Postgraduate Research &amp; Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province","award":["2019-XBYJRC-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019-XBYJRC-001"]}]},{"name":"Postgraduate Research &amp; Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province","award":["2019-XBQNXZ-B-004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019-XBQNXZ-B-004"]}]},{"name":"Postgraduate Research &amp; Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province","award":["KYCX22_0634"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KYCX22_0634"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Whether or not large-scale vegetation restoration will lead to a decrease in regional terrestrial water storage is a controversial topic. This study employed the Geodetector model, in conjunction with observed and satellite hydro-meteorological data, to detect the changes in terrestrial water storage anomaly (TWSA) and to identify the contributions of climate change and vegetation greening across China during the years 1982\u20132019. The results revealed that: (1) during the period of 1982\u20132019, TWSA showed a downward trend in about two thirds of the country, with significant declines in North China, southeast Tibet, and northwest Xinjiang, and an upward trend in the remaining third of the country, with significant increases mainly in the Qaidam Basin, the Yangtze River, and the Songhua River; (2) the positive correlation between normalized vegetation index (NDVI) and TWSA accounts for 48.64% of the total vegetation area across China. In addition, the response of vegetation greenness lags behind the TWSA and precipitation, and the lag time was shorter in arid and semi-arid regions dominated by grasslands, and longer in relatively humid regions dominated by forests and savannas; (3) furthermore, TWSAs decreased with the increase in NDVI and evapotranspiration (ET) in arid and semi-arid areas, and increased with the rise in NDVI and ET in the humid regions. The Geodetector model was used to detect the effects of climate, vegetation, and human factors on TWSA. It is worth mentioning that NDVI, precipitation, and ET were some of the main factors affecting TWSA. Therefore, it is essential to implement rational ecological engineering to mitigate climate change\u2019s negative effects and maintain water resources\u2019 sustainability in arid and semi-arid regions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15123104","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,14]],"date-time":"2023-06-14T03:02:24Z","timestamp":1686711744000},"page":"3104","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Detection and Attribution of Changes in Terrestrial Water Storage across China: Climate Change versus Vegetation Greening"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7740-5207","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Kong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulics Engineering, College of Hydrology and Water Resources, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1823-6049","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zengxin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulics Engineering, College of Hydrology and Water Resources, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China"},{"name":"Joint Innovation Center for Modern Forestry Studies, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulics Engineering, College of Hydrology and Water Resources, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiming","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulics Engineering, College of Hydrology and Water Resources, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenhua","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulics Engineering, College of Hydrology and Water Resources, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3647-5617","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulics Engineering, College of Hydrology and Water Resources, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China"},{"name":"Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4826-5350","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chong-Yu","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2019.111259","article-title":"Detecting hotspots of interactions between vegetation greenness and terrestrial water storage using satellite observations","volume":"231","author":"Xie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125689","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2020.125689","article-title":"The relative contribution of vegetation greening to the hydrological cycle in the Three-North region of China: A modelling analysis","volume":"591","author":"Meng","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-13798-8","article-title":"Forest management in southern China generates short term extensive carbon sequestration","volume":"11","author":"Tong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"094010","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/11\/9\/094010","article-title":"Recent trends in vegetation greenness in China significantly altered annual evapotranspiration and water yield","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2018.06.006","article-title":"Effects of vegetation and rainfall types on surface runoff and soil erosion on steep slopes on the Loess Plateau, China","volume":"170","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Catena"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8129","DOI":"10.1002\/jgrd.50602","article-title":"Improved vegetation greenness increases summer atmospheric water vapor over Northern China","volume":"118","author":"Jiang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2792","DOI":"10.1002\/2016GL072235","article-title":"Revisiting the contribution of transpiration to global terrestrial evapotranspiration","volume":"44","author":"Wei","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate3092","article-title":"Revegetation in China\u2019s Loess Plateau is approaching sustainable water resource limits","volume":"6","author":"Feng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4039","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1700294115","article-title":"Effects of national ecological restoration projects on carbon sequestration in China from 2001 to 2010","volume":"115","author":"Lu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3471","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-17103-w","article-title":"Gainers and losers of surface and terrestrial water resources in China during 1989\u20132016","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1038\/s41893-020-00600-7","article-title":"Ecological restoration impact on total terrestrial water storage","volume":"4","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Sustain."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2017.01.011","article-title":"Soil moisture decline due to afforestation across the Loess Plateau, China","volume":"546","author":"Jia","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1038\/s41561-022-00935-0","article-title":"Shifts in regional water availability due to global tree restoration","volume":"15","author":"Herold","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"074016","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/aa7145","article-title":"Vegetation anomalies caused by antecedent precipitation in most of the world","volume":"12","author":"Papagiannopoulou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2245","DOI":"10.1002\/2014JG002670","article-title":"GRACE satellite observed hydrological controls on interannual and seasonal variability in surface greenness over mainland Australia","volume":"119","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Biogeosci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2633","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-17-0236.1","article-title":"Impact of Earth Greening on the Terrestrial Water Cycle","volume":"31","author":"Zeng","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4466","DOI":"10.1002\/jgrd.50301","article-title":"Evaluation of AMSR-E retrievals and GLDAS simulations against observations of a soil moisture network on the central Tibetan Plateau","volume":"118","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2022.128336","article-title":"Non-linear interactions between vegetation and terrestrial water storage in Australia","volume":"613","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4469","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-21-4469-2017","article-title":"Large-scale vegetation responses to terrestrial moisture storage changes","volume":"21","author":"Andrew","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, H., Duan, K., Liu, B., and Chen, X. (2020). Assessing the large-scale plant-water relations using remote sensing products in the humid subtropical Pearl River Basin in south China. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci.","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-2020-242"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloplacha.2014.11.001","article-title":"Can mountain glacier melting explains the GRACE-observed mass loss in the southeast Tibetan Plateau: From a climate perspective?","volume":"124","author":"Song","year":"2015","journal-title":"Glob. Planet. Change"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W00J12","DOI":"10.1029\/2010WR010283","article-title":"Quantifying the relative contribution of the climate and direct human impacts on mean annual streamflow in the contiguous United States","volume":"47","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11976","DOI":"10.1029\/2019JD031147","article-title":"Spatiotemporal Changes in China\u2019s Terrestrial Water Storage From GRACE Satellites and Its Possible Drivers","volume":"124","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2015.01.003","article-title":"Detection and attribution of changes in hydrological cycle over the Three-North region of China: Climate change versus afforestation effect","volume":"203","author":"Xie","year":"2015","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.03.019","article-title":"Determining the hydrological responses to climate variability and land use\/cover change in the Loess Plateau with the Budyko framework","volume":"557\u2013558","author":"Gao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1080","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1704665115","article-title":"Global models underestimate large decadal declining and rising water storage trends relative to GRACE satellite data","volume":"115","author":"Scanlon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2016.02.052","article-title":"A measure of spatial stratified heterogeneity","volume":"67","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecol. Ind."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2020GH000248","DOI":"10.1029\/2020GH000248","article-title":"Spatial and Temporal Heterogeneity Analysis of Water Conservation in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Urban Agglomeration Based on the Geodetector and Spatial Elastic Coefficient Trajectory Models","volume":"4","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"GeoHealth"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Zhang, Z., and Chen, X. (2021). Quantifying Influences of Natural and Anthropogenic Factors on Vegetation Changes Based on Geodetector: A Case Study in the Poyang Lake Basin, China. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13245081"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"1","article-title":"Analysis of China\u2019s terrestrial water storage and its component anomalies in recent 20 years","volume":"1","author":"Chu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Water Resour. Pro."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2011.07.041","article-title":"Evaluating the non-stationary relationship between precipitation and streamflow in nine major basins of China during the past 50 years","volume":"409","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113768","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2021.113768","article-title":"Interannual variability of vegetation sensitivity to climate in China","volume":"301","author":"Jiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2021GL093492","DOI":"10.1029\/2021GL093492","article-title":"Long-Term (1979-Present) Total Water Storage Anomalies Over the Global Land Derived by Reconstructing GRACE Data","volume":"48","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo2203","article-title":"River basin flood potential inferred using GRACE gravity observations at several months lead time","volume":"7","author":"Reager","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2110","DOI":"10.1002\/wrcr.20192","article-title":"Evaluation of groundwater depletion in North China using the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) data and ground-based measurements","volume":"49","author":"Feng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2117","DOI":"10.1175\/JHM-D-16-0182.1","article-title":"A Global Gridded Dataset of GRACE Drought Severity Index for 2002\u201314: Comparison with PDSI and SPEI and a Case Study of the Australia Millennium Drought","volume":"18","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeorol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1903","DOI":"10.5194\/gmd-10-1903-2017","article-title":"GLEAM v3: Satellite-based land evaporation and root-zone soil moisture","volume":"10","author":"Martens","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geosci. Model Dev."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-15-453-2011","article-title":"Global land-surface evaporation estimated from satellite-based observations","volume":"15","author":"Miralles","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2272","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.02272","article-title":"rgee: An R package for interacting with Google Earth Engine","volume":"5","author":"Aybar","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Open Sour. Soft."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2017.06.031","article-title":"Google Earth Engine: Planetary-scale geospatial analysis for everyone","volume":"202","author":"Gorelick","year":"2017","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, B., Zhang, Z., Tian, J., Kong, R., and Chen, X. (2022). Increasing Negative Impacts of Climatic Change and Anthropogenic Activities on Vegetation Variation on the Qinghai\u2013Tibet Plateau during 1982\u20132019. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14194735"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2021.107431","article-title":"Time-lag effects of NDVI responses to climate change in the Yamzhog Yumco Basin, South Tibet","volume":"124","author":"Zhe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecol. Ind."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L07403","DOI":"10.1029\/2009GL037338","article-title":"Closing the terrestrial water budget from satellite remote sensing","volume":"36","author":"Sheffield","year":"2009","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125017","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2020.125017","article-title":"Drought modeling using classic time series and hybrid wavelet-gene expression programming models","volume":"587","author":"Mehdizadeh","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Hu, X., Zhang, Z., Kong, R., Peng, Z., Zhang, Q., and Chen, X. (2023). The increasing risk of future simultaneous droughts over the Yangtze River basin based on CMIP6 models. Stoch. Environ. Res. Risk Assess.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00477-023-02406-3"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1968.10480934","article-title":"Estimates of the Regression Coefficient Based on Kendall\u2019s Tau","volume":"63","author":"Sen","year":"1968","journal-title":"J. Am. Stat. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"116","article-title":"Geodetector: Principle and prospective","volume":"72","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Geogr. Sin."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.05.355","article-title":"Quantifying influences of natural factors on vegetation NDVI changes based on geographical detector in Sichuan, western China","volume":"233","author":"Peng","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clean Prod."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2006.02.002","article-title":"NDVI-based increase in growth of temperate grasslands and its responses to climate changes in China","volume":"16","author":"Piao","year":"2006","journal-title":"Glob. Environ. Change"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11105","DOI":"10.3390\/rs70911105","article-title":"Interannual Variations in Growing-Season NDVI and Its Correlation with Climate Variables in the Southwestern Karst Region of China","volume":"7","author":"Hou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-009-9787-8","article-title":"Assessment of vegetation dynamics and their response to variations in precipitation and temperature in the Tibetan Plateau","volume":"103","author":"Zhong","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clim. Change"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate2831","article-title":"Reduced streamflow in water-stressed climates consistent with CO2 effects on vegetation","volume":"6","author":"Ukkola","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Change"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2014.12.030","article-title":"Spatiotemporal variations of T\/ET (the ratio of transpiration to evapotranspiration) in three forests of Eastern China","volume":"52","author":"Zhu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ecol. Ind."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaar4182","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aar4182","article-title":"Divergent hydrological response to large-scale afforestation and vegetation greening in China","volume":"4","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.1029\/2018JD029113","article-title":"Quantitative Analysis of Terrestrial Water Storage Changes Under the Grain for Green Program in the Yellow River Basin","volume":"124","author":"Lv","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159546","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.159546","article-title":"Four decades of hydrological response to vegetation dynamics and anthropogenic factors in the Three-North Region of China and Mongolia","volume":"857","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2020JD033228","DOI":"10.1029\/2020JD033228","article-title":"A Satellite-Based Assessment of the Relative Contribution of Hydroclimatic Variables on Vegetation Growth in Global Agricultural and Nonagricultural Regions","volume":"126","author":"Asoka","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3520","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.12945","article-title":"Time-lag effects of global vegetation responses to climate change","volume":"21","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Glob. Change Biol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2010.03355.x","article-title":"Remote sensing detection of droughts in Amazonian forest canopies","volume":"187","author":"Anderson","year":"2010","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xie, Y., Huang, S., Liu, S., Leng, G., Peng, J., Huang, Q., and Li, P. (2018). GRACE-Based Terrestrial Water Storage in Northwest China: Changes and Causes. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10071163"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2016.06.002","article-title":"Groundwater storage changes in the Tibetan Plateau and adjacent areas revealed from GRACE satellite gravity data","volume":"449","author":"Xiang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Earth Planet. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2016.11.006","article-title":"Influences of recent climate change and human activities on water storage variations in Central Asia","volume":"544","author":"Deng","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1002\/2016GL071287","article-title":"Detection of human-induced evapotranspiration using GRACE satellite observations in the Haihe River basin of China","volume":"44","author":"Pan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1007\/s11442-019-1642-x","article-title":"A Bayesian belief network approach for mapping water conservation ecosystem service optimization region","volume":"29","author":"Zeng","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Geogr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2909","DOI":"10.1029\/2018JD029552","article-title":"Changes in Terrestrial Water Storage During 2003\u20132014 and Possible Causes in Tibetan Plateau","volume":"124","author":"Meng","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5103","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-21-0325.1","article-title":"Vegetation Greening, Extended Growing Seasons, and Temperature Feedbacks in Warming Temperate Grasslands of China","volume":"35","author":"Shen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13006","article-title":"Amazon forests maintain consistent canopy structure and greenness during the dry season","volume":"506","author":"Morton","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/12\/3104\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:54:32Z","timestamp":1760126072000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/12\/3104"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,14]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]}},"alternative-id":["rs15123104"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs15123104","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,14]]}}}