{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]],"date-time":"2025-12-23T10:38:54Z","timestamp":1766486334819,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,14]],"date-time":"2023-06-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686700800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Korea Meteorological Administration Research and Development Program","award":["KMI2022-00310","KMA2018-00125"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KMI2022-00310","KMA2018-00125"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the assimilation of all-sky radiance (ASR), the non-Gaussian behaviour of observation-minus-background (OMB) departures has been the major issue. Treating observation error properly should give the distribution OMB departures closer to Gaussian on which data assimilation systems are based. This study introduces a look-up-table (LUT) observation error inflation (LOEI) for assimilating ASR from three water vapor channels of GEO-KOMPSAT-2A (GK-2A) geostationary satellite based on a three-dimensional variational data assimilation (3DVAR) framework. The impacts are assessed based on summer precipitation cases over South Korea. To confirm all kinds of radiance observations, the ASRs are assimilated without any quality control procedures. The LOEI adopt a pre-estimated radiance error statistics by using the higher order fitting function of cloud amount (CA) and standard deviation (STD) of OMB departures. This LOEI was produced during the summer period from August 1 to 30, 2020, representing the characteristics of the atmosphere condition during the experimental period. The promising impact of LOEI is demonstrated in comparison with the inflated observation error using a simple linier function proposed by Geer and Bauer (GBOEI). Study results revealed the LOEI normalized OMB departures into much more Gaussian form than the GBOEI. Hence, the assimilation of ASR using LOEI (ExpLOEI) produced BT analysis closer to the observation in four cloud phases in contrast with ASR assimilation using GBOEI (ExpGBOEI), which obviously found in the ice phase. The better BT analysis eventually simulated more realistic moisture and temperature variables in the background field. Consequently, the ExpLOEI exhibited more accuracy in precipitation location and intensity compared to the experiment with ExpGBOEI.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15123113","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,15]],"date-time":"2023-06-15T02:03:19Z","timestamp":1686794599000},"page":"3113","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Impact of Assimilating GK-2A All-Sky Radiance with a New Observation Error for Summer Precipitation Forecasting"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4207-1520","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miranti Indri","family":"Hastuti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Kualanamu Meteorological Station, The Agency for Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysics of the Republic of Indonesia (BMKG), Jl. Tengku Heran, Beringin, Deli Serdang 20552, Indonesia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6133-6040","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ki-Hong","family":"Min","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1130","DOI":"10.1002\/asl.1130","article-title":"Progress, challenges, and future steps in data assimilation for convection-permitting numerical weather prediction: Report on the virtual meeting held on 10 and 12 November 2021","volume":"24","author":"Hu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Atmos. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1175\/JTECH-D-19-0079.1","article-title":"Sienkiewicz. Simulation of Atmospheric Motion Vectors for an Observing System Simulation Experiment","volume":"37","author":"Errico","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1175\/JTECH-D-17-0081.1","article-title":"Assimilation of Radar Radial Velocity and Reflectivity, Satellite Cloud Water Path, and Total Precipitable Water for Convective-Scale NWP in OSSEs","volume":"35","author":"Pan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Di Tomaso, E., Bormann, N., and English, S. (2013). Assimilation of ATOVS Radiances at ECMWF: Third Year EUMETSAT Fellowship Report, ECMWF. EUMETSAT\/ECMWF Fellowship Programme Research Report 29."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.2218","article-title":"Assimilation of surface-sensitive infrared radiances over land: Estimation of land surface temperature and emissivity","volume":"140","author":"Pavelin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1767","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.2774","article-title":"Enhancing the impact of IASI observations through an updated observation-error covariance matrix","volume":"142","author":"Bormann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2485","DOI":"10.1175\/MWR-D-14-00223.1","article-title":"Improved tropical storm forecasts with GOES-13\/15 imager radiance assimilation and asymmetric vortex initialization in HWRF","volume":"143","author":"Zou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mon. Weather Rev."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1175\/MWR-D-17-0280.1","article-title":"Assimilation of GOES-13 imager clear-sky water vapor (6.5mm) radiances into a Warn-on-Forecast system","volume":"146","author":"Jones","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mon. Weather Rev."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3374","DOI":"10.1002\/2017JD027697","article-title":"Added value of assimilating himawari-8 AHI water vapor radiances on analyses and forecasts for \u201c7.19\u201d severe storm over North China","volume":"123","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5472","DOI":"10.1002\/2016JD026436","article-title":"Impact of assimilating GOES imager CSR with a rapid refresh assimilation system for convection-permitting forecast over Mexico","volume":"122","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D19207","DOI":"10.1029\/2009JD013759","article-title":"Clear and cloudy sky infrared brightness temperature assimilation using an ensemble Kalman filter","volume":"115","author":"Otkin","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D19203","DOI":"10.1029\/2012JD017568","article-title":"Assimilation of water vapor sensitive infrared brightness temperature observations during a high impact weather event","volume":"117","author":"Otkin","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2551","DOI":"10.1256\/qj.01.206","article-title":"A note on the occurrence of cloud in meteorologically sensitive areas and the implications for advanced infrared sounders","volume":"128","author":"McNally","year":"2002","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2997","DOI":"10.1175\/2010MWR3164.1","article-title":"Beyond Gaussian statistical modelling in geophysical data assimilation","volume":"138","author":"Bocquet","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mon. Weather Rev."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1007\/s13351-016-5114-2","article-title":"On the assimilation of satellite sounder data in cloudy skies in numerical weather prediction models","volume":"30","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Meteorol. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1701","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physd.2010.05.006","article-title":"Diagnosis and impacts of non-Gaussianity of innovations in data assimilation","volume":"239","author":"Pires","year":"2010","journal-title":"Physical D"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.2669","article-title":"Effects of all-sky assimilation of GCOM-W\/AMSR2 radiances in the ECMWF numerical weather prediction system","volume":"142","author":"Kazumori","year":"2016","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3785","DOI":"10.1175\/2006JAS2044.1","article-title":"Issues regarding the assimilation of cloud and precipitation data","volume":"64","author":"Errico","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.3466","article-title":"An adaptive background error inflation method for assimilating ASR","volume":"145","author":"Minamide","year":"2019","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3611","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.4144","article-title":"Examination of all-sky infrared radiance simulation of Himawari-8 for global data assimilation and model verification","volume":"147","author":"Okamoto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.3202","article-title":"All-sky satellite data assimilation at operational weather forecasting centres","volume":"144","author":"Geer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.3463","article-title":"Comparison of assimilating all-sky and clear- sky infrared radiances from Himawari-8 in a mesoscale system","volume":"145","author":"Okamoto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2024","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.830","article-title":"Observation errors in all-sky data assimilation","volume":"137","author":"Geer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.2242","article-title":"Progress towards the assimilation of all-sky infrared radiances: An evaluation of cloud effects","volume":"140","author":"Okamoto","year":"2014","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.3022","article-title":"Evaluation of IR radiance simulation for all-sky assimilation of Himawari-8\/AHI in a mesoscale NWP system","volume":"143","author":"Okamoto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1797","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.2776","article-title":"Error model for the assimilation of cloud-affected infrared satellite observations in an ensemble data assimilation system","volume":"142","author":"Harnisch","year":"2016","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1007\/s00376-020-0219-z","article-title":"Assimilating all-sky infrared radiances from Himawari-8 using the 3DVar method for the prediction of a severe storm over North China","volume":"38","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2677","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.3117","article-title":"On diagnosing observation-error statistics with local ensemble data assimilation","volume":"143","author":"Waller","year":"2017","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3385","DOI":"10.1256\/qj.05.108","article-title":"Diagnosis of observation, background and analysis-error statistics in observation space","volume":"131","author":"Desroziers","year":"2005","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.616","article-title":"Estimates of spatial and interchannel observation-error characteristics for current sounder radiances for numerical weather prediction. I: Methods and application to ATOVS data","volume":"136","author":"Bormann","year":"2010","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4600","DOI":"10.1002\/2016JD024867","article-title":"Geostationary satellite-based 6.7 \u03bcm band best water vapor information layer analysis over the Tibetan Plateau","volume":"121","author":"Di","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3799","DOI":"10.1175\/2007JAS2112.1","article-title":"Advances in radiative transfer modeling in support of satellite data assimilation","volume":"64","author":"Weng","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"33","article-title":"JCSDA Community radiative Transfer Model (CRTM)-Version 1","volume":"122","author":"Han","year":"2006","journal-title":"NOAA Tech. Rep. NESDIS"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3459","DOI":"10.1175\/JAS3808.1","article-title":"Advanced doubling-adding method for radiative transfer in planetary atmosphere","volume":"63","author":"Liu","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1830","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.493","article-title":"Variational bias correction of satellite radiance data in the ERA\u2013Interim reanalysis","volume":"135","author":"Dee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4017","DOI":"10.1175\/MWR-D-12-00083.1","article-title":"Impact of assimilating AMSU-A radiances on forecasts of 2008 Atlantic tropical cyclones initialized with a limited-area Ensemble Kalman Filter","volume":"140","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mon. Weather Rev."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.2233","article-title":"Enhanced radiance bias correction in the National Centers for Environmental\u2019Prediction\u2019s Gridpoint Statistical Interpolation data assimilation system","volume":"140","author":"Zhu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.49712757418","article-title":"Satellite radiance-bias correction scheme for data assimilation","volume":"127","author":"Harris","year":"2001","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2287","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0493(1998)126<2287:TUOTCC>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The use of TOVS cloud-cleared radiance in the NCEP SSI analysis system","volume":"126","author":"Derber","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mon. Weather Rev."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0493(2004)132<0897:ATVDAS>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"A three-dimensional variational data assimilation system for MM5: Implementation and initial results","volume":"132","author":"Barker","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mon. Weather Rev."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.1007\/s00703-019-0657-2","article-title":"High-resolution modeling study of an isolated convective storm over Seoul Metropolitan area","volume":"131","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Meteorol Atmos. Phys."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.2151\/jmsj1965.75.1B_181","article-title":"Unified notation for data assimilation: Operational, sequential and variational","volume":"75","author":"Ide","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1747","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0493(1992)120<1747:TNMCSS>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The National Meteorological Center\u2019s spectral statistical-interpolation analysis system","volume":"120","author":"Parrish","year":"1992","journal-title":"Mon. Weather Rev."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Skamarock, W.C., Klemp, J.B., Dudhia, J., Gill, D.O., Barker, D.M., Wang, W., and Powers, J.G.A. (2005). Description of the Advanced Research WRF Version 2, National Center for Atmospheric Research Boulder Co Mesoscale and Microscale Meteorology Div."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Emanuel, K.A., and Raymond, D.J. (1993). The Representation of Cumulus Convection in Numerical Models. Meteorological Monographs, American Meteorological Society.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-935704-13-3"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1587","DOI":"10.1175\/2009MWR2968.1","article-title":"Development of an effective double-moment cloud microphysics scheme with prognostic cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) for weather and climate models","volume":"138","author":"Lim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mon. Weather Rev."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3077","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1989)046<3077:NSOCOD>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Numerical study of convection observed during the winter monsoon experiment using a mesoscale two-dimensional model","volume":"46","author":"Dudhia","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Tewari, M., Chen, F., Wang, W., Dudhia, J., LeMone, M.A., Mitchell, K., and Cuenca, R.H. (2004, January 10). Implementation and verification of the unified NOAH land surface model in the WRF model. Proceedings of the 20th Conference on Weather Analysis and Forecasting\/16th Conference on Numerical Weather Prediction (Vol. 1115, No. 6), Seattle, WA, USA."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2318","DOI":"10.1175\/MWR3199.1","article-title":"A new vertical diffusion package with an explicit treatment of entrainment processes","volume":"134","author":"Hong","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mon. Weather Rev."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijforecast.2006.03.001","article-title":"Another look at measures of forecast accuracy","volume":"22","author":"Hyndman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Forecast."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jolliffe, I.T., and Stephenson, D.B. (2012). Forecast Verification: A Practitioner\u2019s Guide in Atmospheric Science, Wiley and Sons Ltd.. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119960003"},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Wilks, D.S. (2011). Statistical Methods in the Atmospheric Sciences, Elsevier. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Devore, J. (2012). Probability and Statistics for Engineering and Science, Richard Stratton. [8th ed.]."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/12\/3113\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:54:52Z","timestamp":1760126092000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/12\/3113"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,14]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]}},"alternative-id":["rs15123113"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs15123113","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,14]]}}}