{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T07:31:47Z","timestamp":1780385507049,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,15]],"date-time":"2023-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686787200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["41972296"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41972296"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["41807254"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41807254"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42177117"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42177117"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2020M682372"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020M682372"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2021HYTP013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021HYTP013"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["212102310374"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["212102310374"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["222102320265"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["222102320265"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41972296"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41972296"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41807254"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41807254"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42177117"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42177117"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020M682372"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020M682372"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021HYTP013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021HYTP013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["212102310374"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["212102310374"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["222102320265"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["222102320265"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Young Talent Support Project of Henan Province","award":["41972296"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41972296"]}]},{"name":"Young Talent Support Project of Henan Province","award":["41807254"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41807254"]}]},{"name":"Young Talent Support Project of Henan Province","award":["42177117"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42177117"]}]},{"name":"Young Talent Support Project of Henan Province","award":["2020M682372"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020M682372"]}]},{"name":"Young Talent Support Project of Henan Province","award":["2021HYTP013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021HYTP013"]}]},{"name":"Young Talent Support Project of Henan Province","award":["212102310374"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["212102310374"]}]},{"name":"Young Talent Support Project of Henan Province","award":["222102320265"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["222102320265"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development and promotion projects of Henan Province","award":["41972296"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41972296"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development and promotion projects of Henan Province","award":["41807254"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41807254"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development and promotion projects of Henan Province","award":["42177117"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42177117"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development and promotion projects of Henan Province","award":["2020M682372"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020M682372"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development and promotion projects of Henan Province","award":["2021HYTP013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021HYTP013"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development and promotion projects of Henan Province","award":["212102310374"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["212102310374"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development and promotion projects of Henan Province","award":["222102320265"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["222102320265"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Understanding the failure mechanisms of rocks that are exposed to different water contents is important for rock stability in rock engineering applications, and the quantitative analysis of rock behavior is necessary for predicting and preventing the occurrence of rock failure due to water effects. Mechanical tests using real-time acoustic emission (AE) technology were carried out to reveal the damage evolution in sandstone rocks in a dried state, natural state, and saturated state, which includes a quantitative analysis of AE characteristics and cracking properties. The testing results indicate that with the growth of water content, sandstone rocks show a decreasing trend in strength and tend to experience gentle damage with relatively fewer fractures. The crack morphology of the main fracture surfaces is quantitatively described, including a fractal dimension calculation and cracking length measurements. As the water content rises, when rock failure occurs, a higher AE b-value can be obtained, revealing an increasing proportion of large-scale cracks. The fractal dimension of the acoustic emission hit rate shows that the evolution of rock damage and deformation has self-similarity, that is, the transformation from order to disorder to order, and it is affected by different water contents. The AE waveforms of the sandstone have two dominant frequency bands (0~75 kHz and 75~150 kHz) no matter which water-bearing state they are in. The increase in rock water content has resulted in the decline of AE waveforms located in the range of 200\u2013300 kHz, whereas the rise of AE waveforms is located in the range of 0\u201350 kHz. The findings of this study deepen our understanding of the mechanism behind rock failure and provide a meaningful reference for disaster assessment and control.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15123127","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,15]],"date-time":"2023-06-15T04:16:57Z","timestamp":1686802617000},"page":"3127","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Study on the Damage Mechanism of Sandstone under Different Water Content States"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8564-8361","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hongjian","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geosciences and Engineering, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou 450045, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2500-1272","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhendong","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Shale Gas and Geoengineering, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3956-4925","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chong","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Natural Hazards, Ministry of Emergency Management of China, Beijing 100085, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Yong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4677-3637","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fei","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geosciences and Engineering, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou 450045, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shangyuan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil and Architectural Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang 455000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4839","DOI":"10.1007\/s00603-020-02185-1","article-title":"Water saturation effects on thermal infrared radiation features of rock materials during deformation and fracturing","volume":"53","author":"Cai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rock Mech. Rock Eng."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105760","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enggeo.2020.105760","article-title":"Water saturation effects on dynamic behavior and microstructure damage of sandstone: Phenomena and mechanisms","volume":"276","author":"Cai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1007\/s10064-016-0857-7","article-title":"Brittle mechanical characteristics of hard rock exposed to moisture","volume":"76","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bull. Eng. Geol. Environ."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1029\/2006JB004881","article-title":"Creep of a porous rock and associated acoustic emission under different hydrous conditions","volume":"114","author":"Grgic","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enggeo.2016.11.021","article-title":"Analysis of acoustic emission patterns for monitoring of rock slope deformation mechanisms","volume":"219","author":"Codeglia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7747","DOI":"10.1007\/s10064-021-02410-3","article-title":"Experimental study on the influence of water on the failure properties of sandstone","volume":"80","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bull. Eng. Geol. Environ."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-022-10223-0","article-title":"A new approach for evaluation of slope stability in large open-pit mines: A case study at the Dexing Copper Mine, China","volume":"81","author":"Du","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3009","DOI":"10.1007\/s00603-016-0987-z","article-title":"Influence of water content on mechanical properties of rock in both saturation and drying processes","volume":"49","author":"Zhou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rock Mech. Rock Eng."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"3217","article-title":"Multi-scale damage evolution characteristics of coal and rock under hydraulic coupling","volume":"39","author":"Lai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin. J. Rock Mech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrmms.2008.07.002","article-title":"Water-induced variations in mechanical properties of clay-bearing rocks","volume":"46","author":"Erguler","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pce.2006.03.012","article-title":"Effects of desaturation-resaturation on mudstone","volume":"32","author":"Pham","year":"2007","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Earth Parts A\/B\/C"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrmms.2004.08.008","article-title":"Fatigue properties of intact sandstone samples subjected to dynamic uniaxial cyclical loading","volume":"42","author":"Bagde","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lyu, Q., Ranjith, P.G., Long, X.P., and Ji, B. (2016). Experimental investigation of mechanical properties of black shales after CO2-water-rock interaction. Materials, 9.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201608.0056.v1"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1007\/s00603-013-0436-1","article-title":"Water saturation effects on the Brazilian tensile strength of gypsum and assessment of cracking processes using high-speed video","volume":"47","author":"Wong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rock Mech. Rock Eng."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrmms.2004.04.006","article-title":"Estimation of cracking and damage mechanisms in rock under triaxial compression by moment tensor analysis of acoustic emission","volume":"41","author":"Chang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2235","DOI":"10.1007\/s00603-014-0698-2","article-title":"Morphologic interpretation of rock failure mechanisms under uniaxial compression based on 3D multiscale high-resolution numerical modeling","volume":"48","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rock Mech. Rock Eng."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enggeo.2017.07.009","article-title":"Scale effect in macroscopic permeability of jointed rock mass using a coupled stress\u2013damage\u2013flow method","volume":"228","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engfracmech.2013.02.009","article-title":"Effect of loading rate on fracture toughness and failure micromechanisms in marble","volume":"102","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eng. Fract. Mech."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2299","DOI":"10.1007\/s00603-018-1484-3","article-title":"An Experimental investigation of the failure mechanisms of jointed and intact marble under compression based on quantitative analysis of Acoustic Emission waveforms","volume":"51","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rock Mech. Rock Eng."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103666","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tafmec.2022.103666","article-title":"Acoustic emission characteristics and failure mode analysis of rock failure under complex stress state","volume":"122","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Fract. Mech."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmst.2021.08.003","article-title":"Effects of confining pressure on acoustic emission and failure characteristics of sandstone","volume":"31","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Min. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103093","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tafmec.2021.103093","article-title":"Experimental study on Mode-I fracture toughness using Chevron Straight-notched Semi-circular Bend (CSNSCB) method","volume":"116","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Fract. Mech."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"1102","article-title":"Quantitative evaluation and influencing factors analysis of the brittleness of deep shale reservoir based on multiple rock mechanics experiments","volume":"33","author":"He","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Gas. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103860","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tafmec.2023.103860","article-title":"Mixed mode I\/II fracture behavior and surface morphology of hard rock under dynamic loading","volume":"125","author":"Zhu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Fract. Mech."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108671","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apacoust.2022.108671","article-title":"Experimental research on the evolutionary characteristics of acoustic signals for concrete cracking under uniaxial compression","volume":"191","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Acoust."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107831","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apacoust.2020.107831","article-title":"Investigation of the Kaiser effect in anisotropic rocks with different angles by acoustic emission method","volume":"175","author":"Kharghani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Acoust."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"368","article-title":"Numerical simulation of AE in rock failure","volume":"16","author":"Tang","year":"1997","journal-title":"Chin. J. Rock Mech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2053","DOI":"10.1007\/s00603-020-02351-5","article-title":"Frequency characteristics of acoustic emissions induced by crack propagation in rock tensile fracture","volume":"54","author":"Jiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rock Mech. Rock Eng."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrmms.2004.02.001","article-title":"Generalized crack initiation and crack damage stress thresholds of brittle rock masses near underground excavations","volume":"41","author":"Cai","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1933","DOI":"10.1007\/s00603-017-1180-8","article-title":"Experimental study of mode-I fracture toughness for layered shale based on two ISRM-suggested methods","volume":"50","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rock Mech. Rock Eng."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tafmec.2016.03.012","article-title":"Investigation of the fracture modes of red sandstone using XFEM and acoustic emissions","volume":"85","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Fract. Mech."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3253","DOI":"10.1007\/s00603-022-02837-4","article-title":"Characterization of Joint Roughness Heterogeneity and Its Application in Representative Sample Investigations","volume":"55","author":"Du","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rock Mech. Rock Eng."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4347","DOI":"10.1007\/s00603-021-02482-3","article-title":"Water-weakening effects on the strength of hard rocks at different loading rates: An experimental study","volume":"54","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rock Mech. Rock Eng."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Dong, L.J., Sun, D.Y., Shu, W.W., Li, X.B., and Zhang, L.Y. (2017, January 10\u201313). Statistical precursor of induced seismicity using seismic sequence in mines. Proceedings of the World Conference on Acoustic Emission, Xi\u2019an, China."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1007\/s00603-013-0443-2","article-title":"Influence of unloading rate on the strainburst characteristics of Beishan granite under true-triaxial unloading conditions","volume":"47","author":"Zhao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rock Mech. Rock Eng."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"1538","article-title":"Mechanical behaviors and acoustic emission characteristics of fracture of granite under different moisture conditions","volume":"39","author":"Deng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chin. J. Geotech Eng."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1177\/1056789517697472","article-title":"Mechanical and energy release characteristics of different water-bearing sandstones under uniaxial compression","volume":"27","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Damage Mech."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engfracmech.2018.02.028","article-title":"Effects of water content on fracture and mechanical behavior of sandstone with a low clay mineral content","volume":"193","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eng. Fract. Mech."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"909","article-title":"Study on crack propagation of rock bridge based on multi parameters analysis of acoustic emission","volume":"37","author":"Zhu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chin. J. Rock Mech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1007\/s00603-017-1344-6","article-title":"True-triaxial experimental study of the evolutionary features of the acoustic emissions and sounds of rockburst processes","volume":"51","author":"Su","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rock Mech. Rock Eng."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrmms.2009.09.003","article-title":"Rock burst process of limestone and its acoustic emission characteristics under true-triaxial unloading conditions","volume":"47","author":"He","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"1574","article-title":"Spectral character analysis of sandstone under saturation condition in rupture procedure","volume":"34","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rock Soil Mech."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"32","article-title":"Experimental study on the effect of water on the main frequency characteristics of acoustic emission of granite","volume":"38","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Min. Res. Dev."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"38","article-title":"Impact of water on the spectrum characteristics of acoustic emission in rock rupture process","volume":"33","author":"Huang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Min. Res. Dev."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2006.04.003","article-title":"Acoustic emission for monitoring a reinforced concrete beam subject to four -point -bending","volume":"21","author":"Schechinger","year":"2007","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"115","article-title":"Experiment on acoustic emission characteristics of dam concrete under dynamic bending tension","volume":"31","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nondestruct. Test."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"369","article-title":"Effect of loading rate on energy accumulation and dissipation in rocks","volume":"43","author":"Jiang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. China Univ. Min. Technol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01239744","article-title":"Time-dependent behaviour of fractured rock","volume":"2","author":"Bieniawski","year":"1970","journal-title":"Rock Mech."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1016\/0148-9062(72)90031-9","article-title":"Relaxation and the behavior of failed rock","volume":"6","author":"Peng","year":"1972","journal-title":"Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/0148-9062(80)90004-2","article-title":"Effects of strain rate on oil shale fracturing","volume":"17","author":"Chong","year":"1980","journal-title":"Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. Geomech. Abstr."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"3905","article-title":"Rock mechanics characteristics and acoustic emission rule under small-size effect","volume":"37","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chin. J. Rock Mech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrmms.2019.01.005","article-title":"Frequency analysis of multi-sources acoustic emission from high-velocity waterjet rock drilling and its indicator to drilling efficiency","volume":"115","author":"Sheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120720","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2020.120720","article-title":"Damage constitutive model of coal gangue concrete under freeze-thaw cycles","volume":"264","author":"Qiu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2021.102541","article-title":"Influence of grouted sleeve and concrete strength of fabricated shear wall on acoustic emission detection method for sleeve compactness","volume":"43","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tafmec.2022.103359","article-title":"Experimental study on uniaxial compression failure modes and acoustic emission characteristics of fissured sandstone under water saturation","volume":"119","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Fract. Mech."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Jaeger, J.C., Cook, N.G.W., and Zimmerman, R. (2007). Fundamentals of Rock Mechanics, Wiley-Blackwell."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrmms.2008.05.008","article-title":"True-triaxial strength criteria for rock","volume":"46","author":"You","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2169","DOI":"10.1029\/2019JB019240","article-title":"Increased Fractured Rock Permeability After Percolation Despite Limited Crack Growth","volume":"125","author":"Renshaw","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"023092","DOI":"10.1029\/2021JB023092","article-title":"Experimental verification of the isotropic onset of percolation in 3D crack networks in polycrystalline materials with implications for the applicability of percolation theory to crustal rocks","volume":"126","author":"Renshaw","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mogi, K. (2007). Experimental Rock Mechanics, Taylor and Francis.","DOI":"10.1201\/9780203964446"},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"279","article-title":"Draft ISRM suggested method for the complete stress-strain curve for the intact rock in uniaxial compression","volume":"36","author":"Fairhurst","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/0148-9062(79)91451-7","article-title":"Suggested methods for determining the uniaxial compressive strength and deformability of rock materials: Part 1. Suggested method for determination of the uniaxial compressive strength of rock materials","volume":"16","author":"Bieniawski","year":"1979","journal-title":"Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. Geomech. Abstr."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1833","DOI":"10.1007\/s00603-014-0687-5","article-title":"A novel experimental technique to simulate pillar burst in laboratory","volume":"48","author":"He","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rock Mech. Rock Eng."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrmms.2021.104709","article-title":"Effect of water content on the failure pattern and acoustic emission characteristics of red sandstone","volume":"142","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1007\/s12517-018-4115-0","article-title":"Study on acoustic emission characteristics of sandstone under different fracture modes","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arab. J. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrmms.2016.04.013","article-title":"Experimental study on the prediction of rockburst hazards induced by dynamic structural plane shearing in deeply buried hard rock tunnels","volume":"86","author":"Meng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"120","article-title":"Stage characteristics of acoustic emission and identification of unstable crack state for granite fracture","volume":"41","author":"Dong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chin. J. Rock Mech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0899-1561(2003)15:3(280)","article-title":"Assessing damage of reinforced concrete beam using \u201cb-value\u201d analysis of acoustic emission signals","volume":"15","author":"Colombo","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Mater. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1839","DOI":"10.1007\/s00603-013-0486-4","article-title":"Brittleness effect on rock fatigue damage evolution","volume":"47","author":"Nejati","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rock Mech. Rock Eng."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrmms.2019.03.022","article-title":"Mechanical behaviors and acoustic emission fractal characteristics of coal specimens with a pre-existing flaw of various inclinations under uniaxial compression","volume":"116","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrmms.2011.09.014","article-title":"Fractal property of spatial distribution of acoustic emissions during the failure process of bedded rock salt","volume":"48","author":"Xie","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrmms.2015.08.020","article-title":"Fractal analysis of acoustic emission during uniaxial and triaxial loading of rock","volume":"79","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-246X.1999.0722x.x","article-title":"Fractal structure of the time distribution of microfracturing in rocks","volume":"136","author":"Feng","year":"1999","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Int."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2021.122112","article-title":"Pore and fracture development in coal under stress conditions based on nuclear magnetic resonance and fractal theory","volume":"309","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"361","article-title":"Detecting strange attractors in turbulence","volume":"898","author":"Takens","year":"1981","journal-title":"Lect. Notes Math."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1992.tb01884.x","article-title":"Chaos and deterministic versus stochastic nonlinear modelling","volume":"54","author":"Casdagli","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. R. Stat. Soc. Ser. B (Methodol.)"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.50.346","article-title":"Characterization of strange attractors","volume":"50","author":"Grassberger","year":"1983","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-246X.1987.tb00732.x","article-title":"Fractal structure of spatial distribution of micro fracturing in rock","volume":"90","author":"Hirata","year":"1987","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Int."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/S0013-7952(97)00045-8","article-title":"Box fractal dimension as a measure of statistical homogeneity of jointed rock masses","volume":"48","author":"Fiedler","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00879434","article-title":"Source mechanisms and micro fracturing during uniaxial cycling of rock","volume":"120","author":"Sondergeld","year":"1982","journal-title":"Pure Appl. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Feng, W.K., Wang, H.J., Han, J.Q., and Li, C.H. (2019). Geomechanical and acoustic properties of intact granite subjected to freeze-thaw cycles during water-ice phase transformation in Beizhan\u2019s open pit mine slope, Xinjiang, China. Water, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/w11112309"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/12\/3127\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:55:25Z","timestamp":1760126125000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/12\/3127"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,15]]},"references-count":81,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]}},"alternative-id":["rs15123127"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs15123127","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,15]]}}}