{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T04:29:02Z","timestamp":1775104142834,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,18]],"date-time":"2023-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687046400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32260287"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32260287"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41961059"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41961059"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["620320025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["620320025"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["201807015008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201807015008"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Doctoral Research Start-up Fund Project of Xinjiang University","award":["32260287"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32260287"]}]},{"name":"Doctoral Research Start-up Fund Project of Xinjiang University","award":["41961059"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41961059"]}]},{"name":"Doctoral Research Start-up Fund Project of Xinjiang University","award":["620320025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["620320025"]}]},{"name":"Doctoral Research Start-up Fund Project of Xinjiang University","award":["201807015008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201807015008"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004543","name":"China Scholarship Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32260287"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32260287"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004543","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004543","name":"China Scholarship Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41961059"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41961059"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004543","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004543","name":"China Scholarship Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["620320025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["620320025"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004543","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004543","name":"China Scholarship Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["201807015008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201807015008"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004543","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Climate change forecasts indicate that the frequency and intensity of extreme climate events will increase in the future; these changes will have important effects on ecosystem stability and function. An important arid region of the world, Central Asia has ecosystems that are extremely vulnerable to extreme weather events. However, few studies have investigated the resistance and resilience of this region\u2019s ecosystems to extreme weather events. In this study, first, the extreme drought\/wet threshold was calculated based on the 113-year (1901\u20132013) standardized precipitation\u2013evapotranspiration index (SPEI); second, moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) remote sensing data were applied to calculate ecosystem water use efficiency (WUE) and quantify ecosystem resistance and resilience after different extreme climate events; and finally, differences in the changes of various ecosystem types before and after climate events were assessed. The results showed the following: (1) The average SPEI was 0.073, and the thresholds of extreme wetness and drought were 0.91 and \u22120.67, respectively. Central Asia experienced extreme wet periods in 2002 and 2003 and a drought period in 2008. (2) Suitable wetness levels can increase the resistance of an ecosystem; however, continuous wetness reduces ecosystem resistance, as does drought. Wet areas had strong resilience after wet events, and arid areas had strong resilience after drought events. (3) During both wet and drought years, the transition between shrubland and grassland caused changes in ecosystem resistance and resilience. These findings are important for understanding the impact of future climate change on ecosystem stability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15123165","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,19]],"date-time":"2023-06-19T01:59:51Z","timestamp":1687139991000},"page":"3165","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Ecosystem Resistance and Resilience after Dry and Wet Events across Central Asia Based on Remote Sensing Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Jie","family":"Zou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ecology Postdoctoral Research Station, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China"},{"name":"College of Geography and Remote Sensing Sciences, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China"},{"name":"Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Smart City and Environment Modelling of Higher Education Institute, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China"}]},{"given":"Jianli","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geography and Remote Sensing Sciences, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China"},{"name":"Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Smart City and Environment Modelling of Higher Education Institute, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China"}]},{"given":"Shuai","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environment and Planning, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China"}]},{"given":"Bohua","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geography and Remote Sensing Sciences, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China"},{"name":"Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Smart City and Environment Modelling of Higher Education Institute, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2009.09.001","article-title":"A global overview of drought and heat-induced tree mortality reveals emerging climate change risks for forests","volume":"259","author":"Allen","year":"2010","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1839","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2007.0031","article-title":"Drought effects on litterfall, wood production and belowground carbon cycling in an Amazon forest: Results of a throughfall reduction experiment","volume":"363","author":"Brando","year":"2008","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2010.07.012","article-title":"A review of drought concepts","volume":"391","author":"Mishra","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108985","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.108985","article-title":"Using MODIS data to analyse the ecosystem water use efficiency spatial-temporal variations across Central Asia from 2000 to 2014","volume":"182","author":"Zou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1128834","article-title":"Warming and earlier spring increase western US forest wildfire activity","volume":"313","author":"Westerling","year":"2006","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaau5740","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aau5740","article-title":"Projected increases in intensity, frequency, and terrestrial carbon costs of compound drought and aridity events","volume":"5","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1038\/s41558-021-01112-8","article-title":"Increasing impact of warm droughts on northern ecosystem productivity over recent decades","volume":"11","author":"Gampe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108482","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2021.108482","article-title":"Tree mortality of European beech and Norway spruce induced by 2018\u20132019 hot droughts in central Germany","volume":"307","author":"Obladen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1316","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-01473-1","article-title":"Multivariate assessment and attribution of droughts in Central Asia","volume":"7","author":"Zhi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zou, J., Ding, J., Welp, M., Huang, S., and Liu, B. (2020). Assessing the Response of Ecosystem Water Use Efficiency to Drought During and after Drought Events across Central Asia. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20030581"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-017-0084","article-title":"Species-specific responses to ocean acidification should account for local adaptation and adaptive plasticity","volume":"1","author":"Vargas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.12086","article-title":"On the dimensionality of ecological stability","volume":"16","author":"Donohue","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ecol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2646","DOI":"10.1890\/13-2186.1","article-title":"Resistance and resilience of a grassland ecosystem to climate extremes","volume":"95","author":"Hoover","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1258","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.12777","article-title":"Quantifying drylands\u2019 drought resistance and recovery: The importance of drought intensity, dominant life history and grazing regime","volume":"21","author":"Ruppert","year":"2015","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.12648","article-title":"Navigating the complexity of ecological stability","volume":"19","author":"Donohue","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1029\/WR018i001p00014","article-title":"Reliability, Resiliency, and Vulnerability Criteria for Water Resource System Performance Evaluetion","volume":"18","author":"Hashimoto","year":"1982","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1038\/315635c0","article-title":"The complexity and stability of ecosystems","volume":"315","author":"Pimm","year":"1985","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"585","article-title":"Change and Identity in Complex Systems","volume":"53","author":"Cumming","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ecol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1474","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1010070108","article-title":"Widespread crown condition decline, food web disruption, and amplified tree mortality with increased climate change-type drought","volume":"108","author":"Carnicer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01561","DOI":"10.1002\/ecs2.1561","article-title":"Drought resistance across California ecosystems: Evaluating changes in carbon dynamics using satellite imagery","volume":"7","author":"Malone","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecosphere"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2009.02.004","article-title":"Evapotranspiration and Water Use Efficiency in Different-Aged Pacific Northwest Douglas-Fir Stands","volume":"149","author":"Jassal","year":"2009","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"21","article-title":"Effect of soil drought on growth and water use efficiency characteristics of four native gramineous grasses in Loess Plateau","volume":"19","author":"Guo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Prataculturae Sin."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7483","DOI":"10.1038\/srep07483","article-title":"How is water-use efficiency of terrestrial ecosystems distributed and changing on Earth?","volume":"4","author":"Tang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23284","DOI":"10.1038\/srep23284","article-title":"Contrasting responses of water use efficiency to drought across global terrestrial ecosystems","volume":"6","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.04.126","article-title":"Spatial\u2013temporal patterns of water use efficiency and climate controls in China\u2019s Loess Plateau during 2000\u20132010","volume":"565","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1924","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2010.04.001","article-title":"Evaluating evapotranspiration and water-use efficiency of terrestrial ecosystems in the conterminous United States using MODIS and AmeriFlux data","volume":"114","author":"Lu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11836","article-title":"Ecosystem resilience despite large-scale altered hydroclimatic conditions","volume":"494","author":"Moran","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2010.09.035","article-title":"Evaluating the effects of future climate change and elevated CO2 on the water use efficiency in terrestrial ecosystems of China","volume":"222","author":"Zhu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ecol. Model."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.2111\/1551-5028(2007)60[464:EWUEIA]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Ecosystem Water Use Efficiency in a Semiarid Shrubland and Grassland Community","volume":"60","author":"Emmerich","year":"2007","journal-title":"Rangel. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1890\/04-0922","article-title":"Effects of Biodiversity on Ecosystem Functioning: A Consensus of Current Knowledge","volume":"75","author":"Hooper","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ecol. Monogr."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1002\/eco.4","article-title":"A conceptual framework for understanding semi-arid land degradation: Ecohydrological interactions across multiple-space and time scales","volume":"1","author":"Turnbull","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ecohydrology"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"3438","article-title":"Resilience, Adaptability and Transformability in Social-ecological Systems","volume":"85","author":"Walker","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ecol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2016.11.006","article-title":"Influences of recent climate change and human activities on water storage variations in Central Asia","volume":"544","author":"Deng","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2093","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaridenv.2008.07.009","article-title":"Assessing land-cover change and degradation in the Central Asian deserts using satellite image processing and geostatistical methods","volume":"72","author":"Karnieli","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Arid Environ."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-011-0253-z","article-title":"Will climate change exacerbate water stress in Central Asia?","volume":"112","author":"Siegfried","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agee.2013.06.011","article-title":"Impact of climate change on wheat productivity in Central Asia","volume":"178","author":"Sommer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Agric. Ecosyst. Environ."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124015","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/9\/12\/124015","article-title":"Land surface anomalies preceding the 2010 Russian heat wave and a link to the North Atlantic oscillation","volume":"9","author":"Wright","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2015.10.007","article-title":"Simulated grazing effects on carbon emission in Central Asia","volume":"216","author":"Han","year":"2016","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1007\/s12205-012-0006-1","article-title":"Validation of MODIS 16 global terrestrial evapotranspiration products in various climates and land cover types in Asia","volume":"16","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"KSCE J. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2006.02.017","article-title":"Evaluation of MODIS NPP and GPP products across multiple biomes","volume":"102","author":"Turner","year":"2006","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"035001","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/9\/3\/035001","article-title":"A few extreme events dominate global interannual variability in gross primary production","volume":"9","author":"Zscheischler","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13799","DOI":"10.1038\/srep13799","article-title":"Water use efficiency of China\u2019s terrestrial ecosystems and responses to drought","volume":"5","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.07.013","article-title":"A comprehensive evaluation of two MODIS evapotranspiration products over the conterminous United States: Using point and gridded FLUXNET and water balance ET","volume":"139","author":"Velpuri","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2004.12.011","article-title":"Improvements of the MODIS terrestrial gross and net primary production global data set","volume":"95","author":"Zhao","year":"2005","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1696","DOI":"10.1175\/2009JCLI2909.1","article-title":"A multi-scalar drought index sensitive to global warming: The Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index\u2013SPEI","volume":"23","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1175\/2010BAMS2988.1","article-title":"A Multiscalar Global Drought Dataset: The SPEIbase: A New Gridded Product for the Analysis of Drought Variability and Impacts","volume":"91","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108646","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2022.108646","article-title":"Global assessment of lagged and cumulative effects of drought on grassland gross primary production","volume":"136","author":"Wei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"1028","article-title":"Multi-scale responses of vegetation changes relative to the SPEI meteorological drought index in North China in 2001\u20132014","volume":"38","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Ecol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"135","article-title":"Trends in the frequency of extreme climate events in Latvia","volume":"23","author":"Avotniece","year":"2010","journal-title":"Baltica"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2490","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0442(1999)012<2490:CVATFO>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Climate Variability and the Frequency of Extreme Temperature Events for Nine Sites across Canada: Implications for Power Usage","volume":"12","author":"Colombo","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1007\/s00382-015-2638-6","article-title":"North American extreme temperature events and related large scale meteorological patterns: A review of statistical methods, dynamics, modeling, and trends","volume":"46","author":"Grotjahn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clim. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Asrar, G.R., and Hurrell, J.W. (2013). Climate Science for Serving Society, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-6692-1"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI4066.1","article-title":"Changes in Temperature and Precipitation Extremes in the IPCC Ensemble of Global Coupled Model Simulations","volume":"20","author":"Kharin","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1007\/s00382-009-0656-y","article-title":"The effect of horizontal resolution on simulation of very extreme US precipitation events in a global atmosphere model","volume":"34","author":"Wehner","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clim. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2012.05.016","article-title":"A regional comparison of water use efficiency for miscanthus, switchgrass and maize","volume":"164","author":"Vanloocke","year":"2012","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2014.05.003","article-title":"Impact of prolonged drought on rainfall use efficiency using MODIS data across China in the early 21st century","volume":"150","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"907","article-title":"Realizing resilience for decision-making","volume":"2","author":"Grafton","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2745.2011.01798.x","article-title":"An ecological perspective on extreme climatic events: A synthetic definition and framework to guide future research","volume":"99","author":"Smith","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2021.108146","article-title":"Assessing the impacts of drought on net primary productivity of global land biomes in different climate zones","volume":"130","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1007\/s00704-022-03956-2","article-title":"Assessing the relationship between drought and vegetation dynamics in northern China during 1982\u20132015","volume":"148","author":"Geng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1007\/s11707-009-0013-9","article-title":"Rapid warming in mid-latitude central Asia for the past 100 years","volume":"3","author":"Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Front. Earth Sci. China"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-006-9121-7","article-title":"Recent and future climate change in northwest China","volume":"80","author":"Shi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1007\/s11430-011-4333-8","article-title":"Spatiotemporal precipitation variations in the arid Central Asia in the context of global warming","volume":"54","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sci. China Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09396","article-title":"Recent decline in the global land evapotranspiration trend due to limited moisture supply","volume":"467","author":"Jung","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1531","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2745.13195","article-title":"Droughts and the ecological future of tropical savanna vegetation","volume":"107","author":"Sankaran","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1007\/s11120-020-00801-3","article-title":"High photosynthetic capacity of Sahelian C3 and C4 plants","volume":"147","author":"Sibret","year":"2021","journal-title":"Photosynth. Res."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12735","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1506433112","article-title":"Enhanced precipitation variability decreases grass- and increases shrub-productivity","volume":"112","author":"Gherardi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2023.109323","article-title":"Susceptibility of vegetation low-growth to climate extremes on Tibetan Plateau","volume":"331","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1466-8238.2010.00564.x","article-title":"Precipitation-use efficiency along a 4500-km grassland transect","volume":"19","author":"Zhongmin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1007\/s13752-012-0027-5","article-title":"Legacy effects: The persistent impact of ecological interactions","volume":"6","author":"Cuddington","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol. Theory"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02561","article-title":"Convergence across biomes to a common rain-use efficiency","volume":"429","author":"Huxman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1890\/140269","article-title":"Legacy effects in linked ecological\u2013soil\u2013geomorphic systems of drylands","volume":"13","author":"Monger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Ecol. Environ."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160527","article-title":"Effects of climate change and human activities on vegetation coverage change in northern China considering extreme climate and time-lag and -accumulation effects","volume":"860","author":"Ma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109038","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2022.109038","article-title":"Monitoring drought impacts on crop productivity of the U.S. Midwest with solar-induced fluorescence: GOSIF outperforms GOME-2 SIF and MODIS NDVI, EVI, and NIRv","volume":"323","author":"Qiu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s13593-015-0338-6","article-title":"Regulated deficit irrigation for crop production under drought stress. A review","volume":"36","author":"Chai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Agron. Sustain. Dev."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2020.06.008","article-title":"Growth and carbohydrate dynamic of perennial ryegrass seedlings during PEG-simulated drought and subsequent recovery","volume":"154","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Plant Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ye, C., Sun, J., Liu, M., Xiong, J., Zong, N., Hu, J., Huang, Y., Duan, X., and Tsunekawa, A. (2020). Concurrent and Lagged Effects of Extreme Drought Induce Net Reduction in Vegetation Carbon Uptake on Tibetan Plateau. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12152347"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaridenv.2006.07.006","article-title":"Spatial relationships among species, above-ground biomass, N, and P in degraded grasslands in Ordos Plateau, northwestern China","volume":"68","author":"Cheng","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Arid Environ."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoderma.2004.09.012","article-title":"Recent vegetation changes in central Queensland, Australia: Evidence from delta C-13 and C-14 analyses of soil organic matter","volume":"126","author":"Krull","year":"2005","journal-title":"Geoderma"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2003.09.002","article-title":"Catastrophic regime shifts in ecosystems: Linking theory to observation","volume":"18","author":"Scheffer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trends Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3438","DOI":"10.5751\/ES-00664-090203","article-title":"Thresholds in Ecological and Social\u2013Ecological Systems: A Developing Database","volume":"9","author":"Walker","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ecol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.11.058","article-title":"Disentangling the relative impacts of climate change and human activities on arid and semiarid grasslands in Central Asia during 1982\u20132015","volume":"653","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_83","first-page":"555","article-title":"Temporospatial patterns of human appropriation of net primary production in Central Asia grasslands","volume":"91","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic. Integr. Monit. Assess. Manag."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.12.152","article-title":"Monitoring land sensitivity to desertification in Central Asia: Convergence or divergence?","volume":"658","author":"Jiang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106767","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2022.106767","article-title":"Desertification process and its effects on vegetation carbon sources and sinks vary under different aridity stress in Central Asia during 1990\u20132020","volume":"221","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Catena"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128546","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2022.128546","article-title":"Unravelling lake water storage change in Central Asia: Rapid decrease in tail-end lakes and increasing risks to water supply","volume":"614","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2022.106118","article-title":"Comparative analysis of driving forces of land use\/cover change in the upper, middle and lower reaches of the Selenga River Basin","volume":"117","author":"Ren","year":"2022","journal-title":"Land Use Policy"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1080\/17538947.2020.1865466","article-title":"Investigate the relationships between the Aral Sea shrinkage and the expansion of cropland and reservoir in its drainage basins between 2000 and 2020","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Digit. Earth"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108898","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2022.108898","article-title":"Spatial and temporal variation and driving factors of wetland in the Amu Darya River Delta, Central Asia","volume":"139","author":"Zan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/12\/3165\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:55:49Z","timestamp":1760126149000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/12\/3165"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,18]]},"references-count":89,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]}},"alternative-id":["rs15123165"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs15123165","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,18]]}}}