{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:15:36Z","timestamp":1760148936909,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,19]],"date-time":"2023-06-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687132800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41701474","2016YFC0500205","2015CB954103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41701474","2016YFC0500205","2015CB954103"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Plan of China","award":["41701474","2016YFC0500205","2015CB954103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41701474","2016YFC0500205","2015CB954103"]}]},{"name":"National Basic Research Program of China","award":["41701474","2016YFC0500205","2015CB954103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41701474","2016YFC0500205","2015CB954103"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The pathway, direction, and potential drivers of the evolution in global arid ecosystems are of importance for maintaining the stability and sustainability of the global ecosystem. Based on the Climate Change Initiative Land Cover dataset (CCILC), in this study, four indicators of land cover change (LCC) were calculated, i.e., regional change intensity (RCI), rate of change in land cover (CR), evolutionary direction index (EDI), and artificial change percentage (ACP), to progressively derive the intensity, rate, evolutionary direction, and anthropogenic interferences of global arid ecosystems. The LCC from 1992 to 2020 and from 28 consecutive pair-years was observed at the global, continental, and country scales to examine spatiotemporal evolution in the Earth\u2019s arid ecosystems. The following main results were obtained: (1) Global arid ecosystems experienced positive evolution despite complex LCCs and anthropogenic interferences. Cautious steps to avoid potential issues caused by rapid urbanization and farmland expansion are necessary. (2) The arid ecosystems in Australia, Central Asia, and southeastern Africa generally improved, as indicated by EDI values, but those in North America were degraded, with 41.1% of LCCs associated with urbanization or farming. The arid ecosystems in South America also deteriorated, but 83.4% of LCCs were in natural land covers. The arid ecosystems in Europe slightly improved with overall equivalent changes in natural and artificial land covers. (3) Global arid ecosystems experienced three phases of change based on RCI values: \u2018intense\u2019 (1992\u20131998), \u2018stable\u2019 (1998\u20132014), and \u2018intense\u2019 (2014\u20132020). In addition, two phases of evolution based on EDI values were observed: \u2018deterioration\u2019 (1992\u20132002) and \u2018improvement\u2019 (2002\u20132020). The ACP values indicated that urbanization and farming activities contributed increasingly less to global dryland change since 1992. These findings provide critical insights into the evolution of global arid ecosystems based on analyses of LCCs and will be beneficial for sustainable development of arid ecosystems worldwide within the context of ongoing climate change.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15123178","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,19]],"date-time":"2023-06-19T03:33:52Z","timestamp":1687145632000},"page":"3178","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Spatiotemporal Evolution of Arid Ecosystems Using Thematic Land Cover Products"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5395-2924","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lili","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory for Geographical Process Analysis & Simulation of Hubei Province, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China"}]},{"given":"Tianyu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China"}]},{"given":"Baolin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Beijing 100101, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7240-4424","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yecheng","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Beijing 100101, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4825-1971","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nandin-Erdene","family":"Tsendbazar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Geo-Information Science and Remote Sensing, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 3, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaa1668","article-title":"The dominant role of semi-arid ecosystems in the trend and variability of the land CO2 sink","volume":"348","author":"Raupach","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cosust.2020.08.009","article-title":"The Global-DEP conceptual framework\u2014Research on dryland ecosystems to promote sustainability","volume":"48","author":"Fu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. 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