{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T10:51:07Z","timestamp":1784199067237,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,20]],"date-time":"2023-06-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687219200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Ministry of Agrarian Development and Irrigation (MIDAGRI)","award":["CUI 2449640"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CUI 2449640"]}]},{"name":"the Ministry of Agrarian Development and Irrigation (MIDAGRI)","award":["CUI 2487112"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CUI 2487112"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The spatial heterogeneity of soil properties has a significant impact on crop growth, making it difficult to adopt site-specific crop management practices. Traditional laboratory-based analyses are costly, and data extrapolation for mapping soil properties using high-resolution imagery becomes a computationally expensive procedure, taking days or weeks to obtain accurate results using a desktop workstation. To overcome these challenges, cloud-based solutions such as Google Earth Engine (GEE) have been used to analyze complex data with machine learning algorithms. In this study, we explored the feasibility of designing and implementing a digital soil mapping approach in the GEE platform using high-resolution reflectance imagery derived from a thermal infrared and multispectral camera Altum (MicaSense, Seattle, WA, USA). We compared a suite of multispectral-derived soil and vegetation indices with in situ measurements of physical-chemical soil properties in agricultural lands in the Peruvian Mantaro Valley. The prediction ability of several machine learning algorithms (CART, XGBoost, and Random Forest) was evaluated using R2, to select the best predicted maps (R2 &gt; 0.80), for ten soil properties, including Lime, Clay, Sand, N, P, K, OM, Al, EC, and pH, using multispectral imagery and derived products such as spectral indices and a digital surface model (DSM). Our results indicate that the predictions based on spectral indices, most notably, SRI, GNDWI, NDWI, and ExG, in combination with CART and RF algorithms are superior to those based on individual spectral bands. Additionally, the DSM improves the model prediction accuracy, especially for K and Al. We demonstrate that high-resolution multispectral imagery processed in the GEE platform has the potential to develop soil properties prediction models essential in establishing adaptive soil monitoring programs for agricultural regions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15123203","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,21]],"date-time":"2023-06-21T02:01:33Z","timestamp":1687312893000},"page":"3203","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Implementing Cloud Computing for the Digital Mapping of Agricultural Soil Properties from High Resolution UAV Multispectral Imagery"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9345-982X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuel","family":"Pizarro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Direcci\u00f3n de Desarrollo Tecnol\u00f3gico Agrario, Instituto Nacional de Innovaci\u00f3n Agraria (INIA), Carretera Sa\u00f1os Grande-Hualahoyo Km 8 Santa Ana, Huancayo, Junin 12002, Peru"},{"name":"Facultad de Zootecnia, Andean Ecosystem Research Group, Universidad Nacional del Centro del Per\u00fa, Av. Mariscal Castilla 3089, Huancayo, Junin 12002, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6591-7237","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Narcisa G.","family":"Pricope","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of North Carolina Wilmington, 601 S College Rd., Wilmington, NC 28403, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9613-9426","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deyanira","family":"Figueroa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Direcci\u00f3n de Desarrollo Tecnol\u00f3gico Agrario, Instituto Nacional de Innovaci\u00f3n Agraria (INIA), Carretera Sa\u00f1os Grande-Hualahoyo Km 8 Santa Ana, Huancayo, Junin 12002, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Carbajal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Direcci\u00f3n de Supervisi\u00f3n y Monitoreo en las Estaciones Experimentales Agrarias, Instituto Nacional de Innovaci\u00f3n Agraria (INIA), Av. La Molina 1981, Lima 15024, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miriam","family":"Quispe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Direcci\u00f3n de Supervisi\u00f3n y Monitoreo en las Estaciones Experimentales Agrarias, Instituto Nacional de Innovaci\u00f3n Agraria (INIA), Carretera Sa\u00f1os Grande-Hualahoyo Km 8 Santa Ana, Huancayo, Junin 12002, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jes\u00fas","family":"Vera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Direcci\u00f3n de Supervisi\u00f3n y Monitoreo en las Estaciones Experimentales Agrarias, Instituto Nacional de Innovaci\u00f3n Agraria (INIA), Carretera Sa\u00f1os Grande-Hualahoyo Km 8 Santa Ana, Huancayo, Junin 12002, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lidiana","family":"Alejandro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Direcci\u00f3n de Supervisi\u00f3n y Monitoreo en las Estaciones Experimentales Agrarias, Instituto Nacional de Innovaci\u00f3n Agraria (INIA), Carretera Sa\u00f1os Grande-Hualahoyo Km 8 Santa Ana, Huancayo, Junin 12002, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lino","family":"Achallma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Direcci\u00f3n de Supervisi\u00f3n y Monitoreo en las Estaciones Experimentales Agrarias, Instituto Nacional de Innovaci\u00f3n Agraria (INIA), Carretera Sa\u00f1os Grande-Hualahoyo Km 8 Santa Ana, Huancayo, Junin 12002, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Izamar","family":"Gonzalez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Direcci\u00f3n de Supervisi\u00f3n y Monitoreo en las Estaciones Experimentales Agrarias, Instituto Nacional de Innovaci\u00f3n Agraria (INIA), Carretera Sa\u00f1os Grande-Hualahoyo Km 8 Santa Ana, Huancayo, Junin 12002, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1574-2125","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wilian","family":"Salazar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Direcci\u00f3n de Desarrollo Tecnol\u00f3gico Agrario, Instituto Nacional de Innovaci\u00f3n Agraria (INIA), Av. La Molina 1981, Lima 15024, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4145-5453","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hildo","family":"Loayza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Potato Center (CIP), Headquarters P.O. Box 1558, Lima 15024, Peru"},{"name":"Programa Acad\u00e9mico de Ingenier\u00eda Ambiental, Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad de Hu\u00e1nuco, Hu\u00e1nuco 10001, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juancarlos","family":"Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Direcci\u00f3n de Supervisi\u00f3n y Monitoreo en las Estaciones Experimentales Agrarias, Instituto Nacional de Innovaci\u00f3n Agraria (INIA), Av. 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