{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:40:28Z","timestamp":1760128828040,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,23]],"date-time":"2023-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687478400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Shanghai Aerospace Science and Technology Innovation Foundation","award":["SAST2022-039","42175145"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SAST2022-039","42175145"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["SAST2022-039","42175145"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SAST2022-039","42175145"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Methane (CH4) is recognized as the second most important greenhouse gas. An accurate and precise monitoring of methane gas globally has a vital role in studying the carbon cycle and global warming. The spaceborne integrated path differential absorption (IPDA) lidar is one of the most effective payload for methane detection. The simulation and optimization of the lidar system parameters can create an important base for the development of spaceborne payloads. However, previous IPDA lidar simulations have mostly used standard atmospheric models at simulation conditions, and to the best of our knowledge, there is no literature yet which applies a wavelength optimization to the IPDA system. In this study, we have investigated the relationship between the IPDA lidar system, based on wavelength optimization, and error measurement for CH4 column-averaged concentration. By selecting the wavelengths with the lowest comprehensive error as on-line and off-line, the error has been minimized by 10 ppb approximately relative to before optimization. We have proposed an IPDA simulation model at real atmospheric conditions, combining with ERA-5 reanalysis data, to simulate methane concentration globally, and present the distribution of errors. Finally, after the optimization of the lidar system parameters, we have ensured that the maximum inversion error for CH4 measurement is less than 10 ppb, to provide a reference for designing spaceborne IPDA lidar systems for high-precision CH4 column-averaged concentration detection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15133239","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,26]],"date-time":"2023-06-26T03:14:56Z","timestamp":1687749296000},"page":"3239","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Simulation and Error Analysis of Methane Detection Globally Using Spaceborne IPDA Lidar"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Xuanye","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Atmosphere Physics, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}]},{"given":"Miaomiao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Institute of Satellite Engineering, Shanghai 201109, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9971-3486","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lingbing","family":"Bu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Atmosphere Physics, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}]},{"given":"Zengchang","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Atmosphere Physics, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}]},{"given":"Ahmad","family":"Mubarak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Atmosphere Physics, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12614","DOI":"10.1002\/2016GL071930","article-title":"Radiative forcing of carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide: A significant revision of the methane radiative forcing","volume":"43","author":"Etminan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1029\/2003GL018126","article-title":"Atmospheric methane levels off: Temporary pause or a new steady-state?","volume":"30","author":"Dlugokencky","year":"2003","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo1955","article-title":"Three decades of global methane sources and sinks","volume":"6","author":"Kirschke","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1247828","article-title":"Methane on the rise\u2014Again","volume":"343","author":"Nisbet","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20200440","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2020.0440","article-title":"What do we know about the global methane budget? Results from four decades of atmospheric CH4 observations and the way forward","volume":"379","author":"Lan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.3402\/tellusb.v44i4.15456","article-title":"Changes in tropospheric methane between 1841 and 1978 from a high accumulation-rate Antarctic ice core","volume":"44","author":"Etheridge","year":"1992","journal-title":"Tellus B"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1038\/20859","article-title":"Climate and atmospheric history of the past 420,000 years from the Vostok ice core, Antarctica","volume":"399","author":"Petit","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1120132","article-title":"Atmospheric methane and nitrous oxide of the late Pleistocene from Antarctic ice cores","volume":"310","author":"Spahni","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-environ-102017-030154","article-title":"Methane and global environmental change","volume":"43","author":"Reay","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"436","article-title":"Development of Atmospheric Methane Observation and Distribution of Global Methane","volume":"37","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Technol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8474","DOI":"10.1029\/JD094iD06p08474","article-title":"Water vapor and methane in the upper stratosphere: An examination of some of the Nimbus 7 measurements","volume":"94","author":"Hansen","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Buchwitz, M., Schneising, O., Khlystova, I., and Burrows, J. (2022). Retrieval of Carbon Monoxide and Long-lived Greenhouse Gases (CH4, CO2) from SCIAMACHY\/ENVISAT Satellite Data, ACCENT. Observing Tropospheric Trace Constituents from Space 50."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3313","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-5-3313-2005","article-title":"Carbon monoxide, methane and carbon dioxide columns retrieved from SCIAMACHY by WFM-DOAS: Year 2003 initial data set","volume":"5","author":"Buchwitz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D006235","DOI":"10.1029\/2006JD007268","article-title":"Satellite chartography of atmospheric methane from SCIAMACHY on board ENVISAT: 2. Evaluation based on inverse model simulations","volume":"112","author":"Bergamaschi","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1106644","article-title":"Assessing methane emissions from global space-borne observations","volume":"308","author":"Frankenberg","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6041","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-9-6041-2009","article-title":"Monitoring of atmospheric composition using the thermal infrared IASI\/MetOp sounder","volume":"9","author":"Clerbaux","year":"2009","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2007JG000500","DOI":"10.1029\/2007JG000500","article-title":"Characterization and validation of methane products from the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS)","volume":"113","author":"Xiong","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Biogeosci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13463","DOI":"10.1002\/2013JD020389","article-title":"Joint Polar Satellite System: The United States next generation civilian polar-orbiting environmental satellite system","volume":"118","author":"Goldberg","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, L., Warner, J., Nalli, N.R., Wei, Z., Oh, Y., Bruhwiler, L., Liu, X., Divakarla, M., Pryor, K., and Kalluri, S. (2023). Spatiotemporal Variability of Global Atmospheric Methane Observed from Two Decades of Satellite Hyperspectral Infrared Sounders. Remote Sens., 15.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202305.0782.v1"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.2151\/sola.2012-036","article-title":"Comparisons between XCH4 from GOSAT shortwave and thermal infrared spectra and aircraft CH4 measurements over Guam","volume":"8","author":"Saitoh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sola"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1029\/2011GL047888","article-title":"Toward accurate CO2 and CH4 observations from GOSAT","volume":"38","author":"Butz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.04.024","article-title":"Comparison and quality assessment of near-surface-sensitive satellite-derived CO2 and CH4 global data sets","volume":"162","author":"Buchwitz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5423","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-9-5423-2016","article-title":"The operational methane retrieval algorithm for TROPOMI","volume":"9","author":"Hu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nakajima, M., Kuze, A., and Suto, H. (2012, January 24\u201327). The current status of GOSAT and the concept of GOSAT-2. Proceedings of the Sensors, Systems, and Next-Generation Satellites XVI, Edinburgh, UK.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.974954"},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Ligori, M., Bradbury, L., Spina, R., Zee, R.E., and Germain, S. (2019, January 6). GHGSat Constellation: The future of Monitoring greenhouse gas emissions. Proceedings of the 33rd AIAA\/USU Conference on Small Satellites, Logan, UT, USA."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"0102002","DOI":"10.3788\/IRLA201746.0102002","article-title":"Technical innovation of optical remote sensing payloads onboard GF-5 satellite","volume":"46","author":"Fan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infrared Laser Eng."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Galeazzi, C., Sacchetti, A., Cisbani, A., and Babini, G. (2008, January 7\u201311). The PRISMA program. Proceedings of the IGARSS 2008-2008 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Boston, MA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2008.4779667"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.11728\/cjss2018.05.788","article-title":"Recent Progress of Fengyun Meteorology Satellites","volume":"38","author":"Lin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chin. J. Space Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14159","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-21-14159-2021","article-title":"Global distribution of methane emissions: A comparative inverse analysis of observations from the TROPOMI and GOSAT satellite instruments","volume":"21","author":"Qu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4637","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-21-4637-2021","article-title":"Global methane budget and trend, 2010\u20132017: Complementarity of inverse analyses using in situ (GLOBALVIEWplus CH4 ObsPack) and satellite (GOSAT) observations","volume":"21","author":"Lu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6771","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-12-6771-2019","article-title":"A scientific algorithm to simultaneously retrieve carbon monoxide and methane from TROPOMI onboard Sentinel-5 Precursor","volume":"12","author":"Schneising","year":"2019","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"1701001","article-title":"Spaceborne Environmental Detection Lidar and Its Key Techniques","volume":"42","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Opt. Sin."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Ehret, G., Flamant, P., Kiemle, C., Quatrevalet, M., and Amediek, A. (2011, January 5\u20139). MERLIN Performance Simulation of Global CH4. Proceedings of the AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, San Francisco, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26001","DOI":"10.1051\/epjconf\/201611926001","article-title":"Merlin (methane remote sensing Lidar mission): An overview","volume":"116","author":"Pierangelo","year":"2016","journal-title":"EPJ Web Conf."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11766","DOI":"10.1029\/2018JD028907","article-title":"Error budget of the MEthane Remote LIdar mission and its impact on the uncertainties of the global methane budget","volume":"123","author":"Bousquet","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ehret, G., Bousquet, P., Pierangelo, C., Alpers, M., Millet, B., Abshire, J.B., Bovensmann, H., Burrows, J.P., Chevallier, F., and Ciais, P. (2017). MERLIN: A French-German space lidar mission dedicated to atmospheric methane. Remote Sens., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9101052"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cass\u00e9, V., Chomette, O., Crevoisier, C., Gibert, F., Bro\u017ekov\u00e1, R., El Khatib, R., and Nahan, F. (2022). Impact of Meteorological Uncertainties in the Methane Retrieval Ground Segment of the MERLIN Lidar Mission. Atmosphere, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos13030431"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1007\/s00340-007-2892-3","article-title":"Space-borne remote sensing of CO2, CH4, and N2O by integrated path differential absorption lidar: A sensitivity analysis","volume":"90","author":"Ehret","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. B"},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"88","article-title":"Wavelengths optimization to decrease error for a space-borne lidar measuring CO2 concentration","volume":"43","author":"Xie","year":"2014","journal-title":"Infrared Laser Eng."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2195","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-4-2195-2011","article-title":"Sensitivity studies for a space-based methane lidar mission","volume":"4","author":"Kiemle","year":"2011","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4365","DOI":"10.1002\/2013JD021253","article-title":"Performance simulations for a spaceborne methane lidar mission","volume":"119","author":"Kiemle","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Caron, J., Durand, Y., Bezy, J.-L., and Meynart, R. (September, January 31). Performance modeling for A-SCOPE: A space-borne lidar measuring atmospheric CO2. Proceedings of the Lidar Technologies, Techniques, and Measurements for Atmospheric Remote Sensing V, Berlin, Germany."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1999","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.3803","article-title":"The ERA5 global reanalysis","volume":"146","author":"Hersbach","year":"2020","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107949","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jqsrt.2021.107949","article-title":"The HITRAN2020 molecular spectroscopic database","volume":"277","author":"Gordon","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-4073(77)90161-3","article-title":"Empirical fits to the Voigt line width: A brief review","volume":"17","author":"Olivero","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Vermote, E. (2015). MOD09CMG MODIS\/Terra Surface Reflectance Daily L3 Global 0.05 Deg CMG V006, NASA. NASA EOSDIS LP DAAC."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2507","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-10-2507-2010","article-title":"High-accuracy measurements of snow Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function at visible and NIR wavelengths\u2013comparison with modelling results","volume":"10","author":"Dumont","year":"2010","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3593","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-8-3593-2008","article-title":"Sea surface wind speed estimation from space-based lidar measurements","volume":"8","author":"Hu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1029\/2005GL023732","article-title":"Laser pulse reflectance of the ocean surface from the GLAS satellite lidar","volume":"32","author":"Lancaster","year":"2005","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3262","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2009.2019268","article-title":"Quantifying surface reflectivity for spaceborne lidar via two independent methods","volume":"47","author":"Disney","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"156","article-title":"On the atmospheric transmission of sun radiation and on dust in the air","volume":"11","year":"1929","journal-title":"Geogr. Ann."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Platnick, S., Ackerman, S., King, M., Meyer, K., Menzel, W., Holz, R., Baum, B., and Yang, P. (2015). MODIS Atmosphere L2 Cloud Product (06_L2), NASA MODIS Adaptive Processing System, Goddard Space Flight Center."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.2151\/sola.2009-041","article-title":"Global concentrations of CO2 and CH4 retrieved from GOSAT: First preliminary results","volume":"5","author":"Yokota","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sola"},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Wimmer, R., Willis, S., Morancais, D., Fabre, F., and Demuth, D. (2004, January 12\u201316). The ADM-Aeolus Mission-the first wind lidar in space. Proceedings of the 57th International Astronautical Congress, Matera, Italy."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1175\/2010BAMS3009.1","article-title":"The CALIPSO mission: A global 3D view of aerosols and clouds","volume":"91","author":"Winker","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/13\/3239\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:59:15Z","timestamp":1760126355000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/13\/3239"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,23]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]}},"alternative-id":["rs15133239"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs15133239","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,23]]}}}