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There is, however, a lack of understanding of the delta-wide comprehensive deformation mode and its dynamic mechanism, especially triggered by groundwater extraction. This paper adopts an integrated analysis of multidisciplinary data of image geodesy, geophysics, geology and hydrogeology to provide insights into Earth surface displacement patterns and dynamics in the YRD. Delta-scale land motions were measured for the first time using L-band ALOS images processed using multi-temporal InSAR, illustrating multiple obvious surface sinking regions and a maximum annual subsidence velocity of up to 130 mm. Then, the InSAR-constrained distributed point source model with optimal kernel parameters, a smoothness factor of 10 and a model grid size of 300 m was established and confirmed to be rational, reliable and accurate for modeling analysis over the YRD. Remarkable horizontal surface displacements, moving towards and converging on a sinking center, were recovered by means of modeling and measured using InSAR, with a maximum rate of up to 60 mm per year, which can trigger significant disasters, such as ground fissures and building damage. In addition, the annual total water storage variation at the delta scale, the most meaningful outcome, can be calculated and reaches a total of approximately 12,010 \u00d7 103 m3 in Guangrao city, efficiently filling the gap of GRACE and in situ investigations for delta-wide aquifer monitoring. Finally, a comparative analysis of time series InSAR measurements, modeling outcomes, and fault and groundwater data was conducted, and the strong agreement demonstrates that faults control aquifer distribution and hence the spatial distribution of groundwater-withdrawal-related regional land subsidence. Moreover, the obvious asymmetric displacements, demonstrating a northeasterly displacement trend, further reveal that faults control aquifer distribution and Earth surface deformation. These findings are useful for understanding the land motion patterns and dynamics, helping to sustainably manage groundwater and control disasters in the YRD and elsewhere worldwide.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15133290","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,28]],"date-time":"2023-06-28T00:45:11Z","timestamp":1687913111000},"page":"3290","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Multi-Source SAR-Based Surface Deformation Monitoring and Groundwater Relationship Analysis in the Yellow River Delta, China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Yilin","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Earth Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Marine Geology and Environment, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China"},{"name":"Shandong Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration, Jinan 250013, China"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Ocean Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China"}]},{"given":"Faqiang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Earth Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China"},{"name":"Shandong Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration, Jinan 250013, China"}]},{"given":"Renwei","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Earth Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5325-8086","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lihong","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Earth Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0192-4518","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yufen","family":"Niu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mining and Geomatic Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan 056038, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8359-0207","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Feifei","family":"Qu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Sciences, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX 75025, USA"}]},{"given":"Zilong","family":"Ling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Earth Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1038\/516031a","article-title":"Climate change: Protect the world\u2019s deltas","volume":"516","author":"Giosan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/s11625-008-0043-3","article-title":"Deltas at risk","volume":"3","author":"Syvitski","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sustain. 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