{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:16:26Z","timestamp":1760148986555,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,27]],"date-time":"2023-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687824000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006769","name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["075-15-2021-583","22-62-00048"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["075-15-2021-583","22-62-00048"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006769","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Information about the energetic electron precipitation (EEP) from the radiation belt into the atmosphere is important for assessing the ozone variability and dynamics of the middle atmosphere during magnetospheric and geomagnetic disturbances. The accurate values of energetic electron fluxes depending on their energy range are one of the most important problems for calculating atmospheric ionization rates, which, in turn, are taken into account for estimating ozone depletion in chemistry\u2013climate models. Despite the importance of these processes for the high latitudes of middle atmosphere, precipitation of energetic electrons is still insufficiently studied. In order to better understand EEP and related processes in the atmosphere, it is important to have many realistic observations of EEP in order to correctly characterize their spectra. Invading the atmosphere, precipitating energetic electrons, in the range from tens of keV to relativistic energies of more than 1 MeV, generate bremsstrahlung, which penetrates into the stratosphere and is recorded by detectors on balloons. However, these observations can be made only when the balloon is at stratospheric heights. Near-Earth satellites, such as the polar-orbiting operational environmental satellites (POES), are constantly registering precipitating electrons in the loss cone, but are moving too fast in space. Based on a comparison of the results of EEP measurements on balloons and onboard POES satellites in 2003, we propose a criterion that makes it possible to constantly monitor EEP ionization at stratospheric heights using observations on POES satellites.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15133291","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,28]],"date-time":"2023-06-28T00:45:11Z","timestamp":1687913111000},"page":"3291","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Energetic Electron Precipitation via Satellite and Balloon Observations: Their Role in Atmospheric Ionization"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4437-834X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irina","family":"Mironova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Physics, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3319-684X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Galina","family":"Bazilevskaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lebedev Physical Institute, Russian Academy of Science, 119991 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics, Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2242-1055","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vladimir","family":"Makhmutov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lebedev Physical Institute, Russian Academy of Science, 119991 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, National Research University, 117303 Moscow, Russia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-0001-5184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrey","family":"Mironov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Physics, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2779-7836","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikita","family":"Bobrov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Physics, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2142","DOI":"10.1029\/JA078i013p02142","article-title":"Equilibrium structure of radiation belt electrons","volume":"78","author":"Lyons","year":"1973","journal-title":"Geophys. 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