{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T03:39:52Z","timestamp":1789616392793,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,27]],"date-time":"2023-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687824000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Youth Science Foundation of China","award":["61605243"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61605243"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The monitoring of space debris is important for spacecraft such as satellites operating in orbit, but the background in star images taken by ground-based telescopes is relatively complex, including stray light caused by diffuse reflections from celestial bodies such as the Earth or Moon, interference from clouds in the atmosphere, etc. This has a serious impact on the monitoring of dim and small space debris targets. In order to solve the interference problem posed by a complex background, and improve the signal-to-noise ratio between the target and the background, in this paper, we propose a novel star image enhancement algorithm, MBS-Net, based on background suppression. Specifically, the network contains three parts, namely the background information estimation stage, multi-level U-Net cascade module, and recursive feature fusion stage. In addition, we propose a new multi-scale convolutional block, which can laterally fuse multi-scale perceptual field information, which has fewer parameters and fitting capability compared to ordinary convolution. For training, we combine simulation and real data, and use parameters obtained on the simulation data as pre-training parameters by way of parameter migration. Experiments show that the algorithm proposed in this paper achieves competitive performance in all evaluation metrics on multiple real ground-based datasets.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15133292","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,28]],"date-time":"2023-06-28T00:45:11Z","timestamp":1687913111000},"page":"3292","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Multi-Level Convolutional Network for Ground-Based Star Image Enhancement"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Lei","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on ATR, College of Electronic Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhaodong","family":"Niu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on ATR, College of Electronic Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yabo","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on ATR, College of Electronic Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Quan","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on ATR, College of Electronic Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Liou, J.C., and Krisko, P. 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