{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T05:16:48Z","timestamp":1769750208623,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,27]],"date-time":"2023-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687824000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Guangxi Innovative Development Grand","award":["2018AA13005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018AA13005"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Multi-channel airborne full-waveform LiDAR is widely used for high-precision underwater depth measurement. However, the signal quality of full-waveform data is unstable due to the influence of background light, dark current noise, and the complex transmission process. Therefore, we propose a nonlocal encoder block (NLEB) based on spatial dilated convolution to optimize the feature extraction of adjacent frames. On this basis, a coupled denoising encoder\u2013decoder network is proposed that takes advantage of the echo correlation in deep-water and shallow-water channels. Firstly, full waveforms from different channels are stacked together to form a two-dimensional tensor and input into the proposed network. Then, NLEB is used to extract local and nonlocal features from the 2D tensor. After fusing the features of the two channels, the reconstructed denoised data can be obtained by upsampling with a fully connected layer and deconvolution layer. Based on the measured data set, we constructed a noise\u2013noisier data set, on which several denoising algorithms were compared. The results show that the proposed method improves the stability of denoising by using the inter-channel and multi-frame data correlation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15133293","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,28]],"date-time":"2023-06-28T00:45:11Z","timestamp":1687913111000},"page":"3293","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Coupling Dilated Encoder\u2013Decoder Network for Multi-Channel Airborne LiDAR Bathymetry Full-Waveform Denoising"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-0626-423X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bin","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Microelectronics, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"},{"name":"Technical College for the Deaf, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300382, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yiqiang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Microelectronics, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8295-0496","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guoqing","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geomatics and Geoinformation, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1443-9279","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiaji","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Microelectronics, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Changlong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fifty-Fourth Research Institute of China Electronics Technology Group Corporation, Shijiazhuang 050081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qiang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Microelectronics, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mao","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Microelectronics, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7014-8145","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Microelectronics, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ke, J., and Lam, E.Y. 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