{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T07:24:36Z","timestamp":1769153076587,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,28]],"date-time":"2023-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687910400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Jiangxi Provincial Natural Science Foundation","award":["20224BAB202005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20224BAB202005"]}]},{"name":"Jiangxi Provincial Natural Science Foundation","award":["GJJ2201710"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GJJ2201710"]}]},{"name":"Jiangxi Provincial Natural Science Foundation","award":["62271286"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62271286"]}]},{"name":"Jiangxi Provincial Natural Science Foundation","award":["2022CFB752"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022CFB752"]}]},{"name":"Jiangxi Provincial Natural Science Foundation","award":["A22-3-004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A22-3-004"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Project of Jiangxi Provincial Department","award":["20224BAB202005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20224BAB202005"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Project of Jiangxi Provincial Department","award":["GJJ2201710"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GJJ2201710"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Project of Jiangxi Provincial Department","award":["62271286"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62271286"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Project of Jiangxi Provincial Department","award":["2022CFB752"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022CFB752"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Project of Jiangxi Provincial Department","award":["A22-3-004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A22-3-004"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["20224BAB202005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20224BAB202005"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["GJJ2201710"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GJJ2201710"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["62271286"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62271286"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2022CFB752"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022CFB752"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["A22-3-004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A22-3-004"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province","award":["20224BAB202005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20224BAB202005"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province","award":["GJJ2201710"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GJJ2201710"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province","award":["62271286"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62271286"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province","award":["2022CFB752"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022CFB752"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province","award":["A22-3-004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A22-3-004"]}]},{"name":"Yichang Natural Science Research Project","award":["20224BAB202005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20224BAB202005"]}]},{"name":"Yichang Natural Science Research Project","award":["GJJ2201710"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GJJ2201710"]}]},{"name":"Yichang Natural Science Research Project","award":["62271286"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62271286"]}]},{"name":"Yichang Natural Science Research Project","award":["2022CFB752"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022CFB752"]}]},{"name":"Yichang Natural Science Research Project","award":["A22-3-004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A22-3-004"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Electromagnetic vector sensor (EMVS) arrays bring an epochal opportunity for direction finding, as they enable the estimation of two-dimensional direction of arrival (2D-DOA) and polarization characteristics. In this paper, we revisit the 2D-DOA estimation problem in an EMVS rectangle array under multipath propagation. An improved subspace estimator is proposed, which addresses the rank-deficit problem through matrix arrangement, and the 2D-DOA and polarization parameters are estimated via combining the normalized vector cross-product with the least squares method. Our proposed method is suitable for a single snapshot scenario and offers superior accuracy compared to existing methods. To validate its effectiveness, several numerical simulations have been designed and conducted.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15133308","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,29]],"date-time":"2023-06-29T01:15:47Z","timestamp":1688001347000},"page":"3308","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["2D-DOA Estimation in Multipath Using EMVS Rectangle Array"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6420-5812","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhe","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Intelligent Vision Based Monitoring for Hydroelectric Engineering, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China"},{"name":"College of Computer and Information Technology, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Intelligent Vision Based Monitoring for Hydroelectric Engineering, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China"},{"name":"College of Computer and Information Technology, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China"}]},{"given":"Han","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Physical Sciences and Engineering Technology, Yichun University, Yichun 336000, China"}]},{"given":"Junpeng","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electronic Countermeasure, National University of Defense Technology, Hefei 230037, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, J., Li, J., Sun, B., Jiang, Y., and Xu, L. 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