{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T18:43:07Z","timestamp":1780512187049,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,29]],"date-time":"2023-06-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687996800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61860206013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61860206013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Circular synthetic aperture radar (CSAR) has the potential to form 3D images with single-pass single-channel radar data, which is very time-efficient. This article proposes a volumetric neural renderer that utilizes CSAR 2D amplitude images to reconstruct the 3D power distribution of the imaged scene. The innovations are two-fold: Firstly, we propose a new SAR amplitude image formation model that establishes a linear mapping relationship between multi-look amplitude-squared SAR images and a real-valued 4D (spatial location (x, y, z) and azimuth angle \u03b8) radar scattered field. Secondly, incorporating the proposed image formation model and SAR imaging geometry, we extend the neural radiance field (NeRF) methods to reconstruct the 4D radar scattered field using a set of 2D multi-aspect SAR images. Using real-world drone SAR data, we demonstrate our method for (1) creating realistic SAR imagery from arbitrary new viewpoints and (2) reconstructing high-precision 3D structures of the imaged scene.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15133322","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,30]],"date-time":"2023-06-30T01:02:41Z","timestamp":1688086961000},"page":"3322","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Circular SAR Incoherent 3D Imaging with a NeRF-Inspired Method"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0283-1396","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hanqing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Technology in Geo-Spatial Information Processing and Application System, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"The School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3020-5715","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yun","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Information Engineering, North China University of Technology, Beijing 100144, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1592-5933","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fei","family":"Teng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Technology in Geo-Spatial Information Processing and Application System, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shanshan","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Technology in Geo-Spatial Information Processing and Application System, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bing","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing General Municipal Engineering Design & Research Institute Co., Ltd., Beijing 100082, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Technology in Geo-Spatial Information Processing and Application System, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.3724\/SP.J.1300.2012.20046","article-title":"Progress in circular SAR imaging technique","volume":"1","author":"Wen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. 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