{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T08:03:25Z","timestamp":1770883405019,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,30]],"date-time":"2023-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688083200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Major Science and technology Projects of Beijing","award":["Z181100002918004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Z181100002918004"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Considering the problem that the timing synchronization calculation in high-speed remote sensing signal reception is complex and it is difficult for it to be parallel, this paper deduces and designs a parallel timing error estimation and correction scheme. This paper presents the design of polyphase DFT filter banks with non-maximum decimation. The feedforward timing error estimation and correction method is then improved to enhance synchronization performance. Finally, an implementation scheme for parallel timing error estimation and correction is proposed using the polyphase filter bank time domain decomposition method and the filter polyphase model. In the estimation module, the parallel implementation structure of the joint second-order and fourth-order cyclic statistics methods is designed, which improves the estimation accuracy. In the correction module, a fractional delay filtering method with higher accuracy is adopted in order to improve the calibration accuracy and reduce the computational complexity. The timing synchronization of a high-speed remote sensing signal with timing error is simulated and verified. The experimental results show that the parallel method proposed in this paper greatly reduces the processing speed of subband data, and has a good synchronization performance, which is close to the theoretical limit in the demodulation error rate. This paper utilizes a multi-phase DFT filter bank architecture to achieve parallel timing synchronization, which presents a novel approach for the future parallel reception of high-speed remote sensing signals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15133347","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,3]],"date-time":"2023-07-03T00:49:27Z","timestamp":1688345367000},"page":"3347","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["A Parallel Solution of Timing Synchronization in High-Speed Remote Sensing Data Transmission"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4651-8393","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fei","family":"Teng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Space Engineering University, Beijing 101416, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Space TT&C and Operation, Ministry of Education, Beijing 101416, China"}]},{"given":"Wenge","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Space Engineering University, Beijing 101416, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Space TT&C and Operation, Ministry of Education, Beijing 101416, China"}]},{"given":"Jining","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430078, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1931-7203","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hongbin","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Space Engineering University, Beijing 101416, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Space TT&C and Operation, Ministry of Education, Beijing 101416, China"}]},{"given":"Yiwen","family":"Jiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Space Engineering University, Beijing 101416, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Space TT&C and Operation, Ministry of Education, Beijing 101416, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2769-0975","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zefu","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Space Engineering University, Beijing 101416, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Space TT&C and Operation, Ministry of Education, Beijing 101416, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"194","article-title":"Discussion on the Development of Remote Sensing Satellite Data Transmission Technology","volume":"2","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"China Plant Eng."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Q., Li, W., Yu, Z., Abbasi, Q., Imran, M., Ansari, S., Sambo, Y., Wu, L., Li, Q., and Zhu, T. (2023). An Overview of Emergency Communication Networks. Remote Sens., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15061595"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"131","article-title":"An all-digital, high data-rate parallel receiver","volume":"42","author":"Srinivasan","year":"1997","journal-title":"Jpl Tda Prog. Rep."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Ghuman, P., Sheikh, S., Koubek, S., Hoy, S., and Gray, A. (1998, January 26\u201329). High Rate Digital Demodulator ASIC. Proceedings of the 34th International Telemetering Conference, Town & Country Resort Hotel and Convention Center, San Diego, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Gray, A., Srinivasan, M., Simon, M., and Yan, T.Y. (1999, January 25\u201328). Flexible all-digital receiver for bandwidth efficient modulations. Proceedings of the 35th International Telemetering Conference, Riviera Hotel and Convention Center, Las Vegas, NA, USA."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Springett, J.C. (2023, March 27). Achieving future space very long baseline interferometry gigabits-per-second data rates, The Interplanetary Network Progress Report 42\u2013149, Available online: https:\/\/ipnpr.jpl.nasa.gov."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Liang, X. (2007). Research and Implementation of Matched Filtering and Timing Recovery for 800 Mbps High-Speed Data Transmission Receiver. [Master\u2019s Thesis, National University of Defense Technology]."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"21","article-title":"Design and application of high-speed data transmission QAM demodulator","volume":"32","author":"Guo","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Telem. Track. Command."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Lin, C.X. (2012). Research on Demodulation Technique and Its Implementation for 2 Gbps High Speed Communication. [Ph.D. Thesis, Tsinghua University]."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Zeng, H. (2013). Research on Demodulation Techniques Based on A Parallel All-digital Receiving Structure Named as APRX. [Master\u2019s Thesis, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China]."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Cui, L.B. (2018). Research on Parallel Timing Synchronization Technology in QAM Demodulation Data. [Master\u2019s Thesis, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China]."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Z., Song, Y., and Li, Y. (2022). Ultra-Wideband Imaging via Frequency Diverse Array with Low Sampling Rate. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14051271"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1687-6180-2014-62","article-title":"Non-maximally decimated filter bank-based single-carrier receiver: A pathway to next-generation wideband communication","volume":"2014","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eurasip J. Adv. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2346","DOI":"10.1109\/49.974601","article-title":"Multirate digital filters for symbol timing synchronization in software defined radios","volume":"19","author":"Harris","year":"2001","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schmidt, D., and Lankl, B. (2010, January 21\u201323). Parallel architecture of an all digital timing recovery scheme for high speed receivers. Proceedings of the 2010 7th International Symposium on Communication Systems, Networks & Digital Signal Processing (CSNDSP 2010), Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK.","DOI":"10.1109\/CSNDSP16145.2010.5580466"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Xiao, L. (2017). Study and Implementation of Synchronization for Parallel High Data Rate Demodulation System. [Master\u2019s Thesis, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China]."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Wang, C.H. (2021). Design and Implementation of High Speed Parallel Interpolation Filter Based on FPGA. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Chengdu University of Technology]."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Li, Z. (2022). The research and Implementation of Symbol Variable Rate Timing Synchronization for Wideband Satellite. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Xidian University]."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9556","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2022.3201251","article-title":"Multiphase Parallel Demodulation for Remote Sensing Satellite Data Transmission\u2013Filter Bank Based on WOLA Structure","volume":"15","author":"Teng","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote. Sens."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morge-Rollet, L., Le Jeune, D., Le Roy, F., Canaff, C., and Gautier, R. (2022). From Modeling to Sensing of Micro-Doppler in Radio Communications. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14246310"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6499","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2020.3005738","article-title":"Bounds on phase, frequency, and timing synchronization in fully digital receivers with 1-bit quantization and oversampling","volume":"68","author":"Fettweis","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2295","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2002.801919","article-title":"Performance analysis of a class of nondata-aided frequency offset and symbol timing estimators for flat-fading channels","volume":"50","author":"Wang","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1109\/18.370106","article-title":"Asymptotic theory of mixed time averages and kth-order cyclic-moment and cumulant statistics","volume":"41","author":"Dandawate","year":"1995","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1109\/26.662646","article-title":"Frequency offset and symbol timing recovery in flat-fading channels: A cyclostationary approach","volume":"46","author":"Gini","year":"1998","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2004.827734","article-title":"Blind feedforward cyclostationarity-based timing estimation for linear modulations","volume":"3","author":"Wang","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2166","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2022.3187560","article-title":"A Non-Data-Aided Feedforward Timing Estimator Based on Multiple Cyclic Correlations for Short-Term Burst Signals","volume":"26","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Lett."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sirbu, G., and Leonardi, M. (2023). Fully Autonomous Orbit Determination and Synchronization for Satellite Navigation and Communication Systems in Halo Orbits. Remote Sens., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15051173"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abd, M.H., Al-Suhail, G.A., Tahir, F.R., Ali Ali, A.M., Abbood, H.A., Dashtipour, K., Jamal, S.S., and Ahmad, J. (2022). Synchronization of Monostatic Radar Using a Time-Delayed Chaos-Based FM Waveform. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14091984"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1109\/LSP.2021.3064499","article-title":"Distortion reduction in fractional delay filters","volume":"28","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process. Lett."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/13\/3347\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:03:44Z","timestamp":1760126624000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/13\/3347"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,30]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]}},"alternative-id":["rs15133347"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs15133347","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,30]]}}}