{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T15:48:47Z","timestamp":1772466527259,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,30]],"date-time":"2023-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688083200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"national funds through the Portuguese Science Foundation (FCT)","award":["CEECIND\/00459\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEECIND\/00459\/2018"]}]},{"name":"national funds through the Portuguese Science Foundation (FCT)","award":["UIDB\/50017\/2020+UIDP\/50017\/2020+LA\/P\/0094\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50017\/2020+UIDP\/50017\/2020+LA\/P\/0094\/2020"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013239","name":"FCT\/MCTES","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CEECIND\/00459\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEECIND\/00459\/2018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013239","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013239","name":"FCT\/MCTES","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/50017\/2020+UIDP\/50017\/2020+LA\/P\/0094\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50017\/2020+UIDP\/50017\/2020+LA\/P\/0094\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013239","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Coastal municipalities and industries often discharge poorly treated wastewater into proximate marine and estuarine environments. The urban and\/or effluent input can lead to eutrophication and lower water quality, as it holds high concentrations of nutrients and pollutants. One widely applied tool to increase effluent dispersion and direct it away from coastal areas, thus causing fewer impacts on human activities, is sea outfall. In Aveiro, Portugal, the S\u00e3o Jacinto sea outfall construction was completed in 1998; however, limited literature regarding the sea outfall\u2019s monitoring using satellite data is available. The methodology in this study involved collecting four years\u2019 worth (2016\u20132019) of satellite data to investigate visible traces of the interaction between the S. Jacinto sewage water mass and the Ria de Aveiro lagoon ecosystem using ocean color and spectral analysis, and producing new qualitative data regarding sea outfall plume dispersion monitoring through high-resolution Sentinel-2 imagery. The results showed a clear spectral signature of the sewage water mass, and a seasonal pattern was observed in which the plume was more evident in winter and autumn. Additionally, the coastal longshore current and the Aveiro lagoon\u2019s runoff were able to restrict the marine outfall\u2019s dispersion superficially. Ocean color data were revealed to be a factual and cost-effective tool to monitor the plume water. Finally, an exchange between the marine outfall water mass and Ria de Aveiro lagoon could happen in high tide under northern wind conditions. Therefore, it is important to monitor the water quality to ensure the coastal ecosystem\u2019s good environmental state.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15133368","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,3]],"date-time":"2023-07-03T00:49:27Z","timestamp":1688345367000},"page":"3368","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Insights for Sea Outfall Turbid Plume Monitoring with High-Spatial-Resolution Satellite Imagery Application in Portugal"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7638-0009","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruna","family":"Faria","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CESAM\u2014Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Physics, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2964-9757","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renato","family":"Mendes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"+ATLANTIC CoLab, 2520-614 Peniche, Portugal"},{"name":"Underwater Systems and Technology Laboratory (LSTS), Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0872-1289","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carina Lurdes","family":"Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CESAM\u2014Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Physics, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8685-5194","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Picado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CESAM\u2014Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Physics, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2575-3263","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magda","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CESAM\u2014Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Physics, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7613-6241","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o Miguel","family":"Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CESAM\u2014Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Physics, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Fouzia, H.B. (2019). Monitoring of Marine Pollution, IntechOpen. Chapter 2."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0485.2008.00257.x","article-title":"A case study of sewage discharge in the shallow coastal area of the Northern Adriatic Sea (Gulf of Trieste)","volume":"29","author":"Turk","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2021.113296","article-title":"Unravelling the effects of treated wastewater discharges on the water quality in a coastal lagoon system (Ria Formosa, South Portugal): Relevance of hydrodynamic conditions","volume":"174","author":"Cravo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gancheva, I., Peneva, E., and Slabakova, V. (2021). Detecting the surface signature of Riverine and effluent plumes along the Bulgarian black sea coast using satellite data. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13204094"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csr.2013.04.012","article-title":"Effects of a surfacing effluent plume on a coastal phytoplankton community","volume":"60","author":"Reifel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cont. Shelf Res."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"European Commission (2000). Water Framework Directive 2000\/60\/EC, European Commission."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Chaves, F.D.S.C. (2014). Dimensionamento Hidr\u00e1ulico-Estrutural de Emiss\u00e1rios Submarinos. Estudo de Caso. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Universidade do Porto]."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Santos, C., Catarino, J., Marques, E., Figueiredo, Z., Trancoso, A., Barata, P., Marecos, H., and Neves, R. (2023, January 10). Monitoriza\u00e7\u00e3o Ambiental Do Emiss\u00e1rio Submarino Da Guia. In Proceedings of the 7\u00ba Congresso da \u00c1gua, 2004. Available online: https:\/\/www.aprh.pt\/congressoagua2004\/PDF\/51.PDF."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Dire\u00e7\u00e3o-Geral de Recursos Naturais Seguran\u00e7a e Servi\u00e7os Mar\u00edtimos (2023, January 10). Ordenamento do Mar Portugu\u00eas (PSOEM). Available online: https:\/\/www.psoem.pt\/geoportal_psoem\/."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599030","DOI":"10.3389\/fenvs.2020.599030","article-title":"Analysis and classification of stormwater and wastewater runoff from the Tijuana river Using remote sensing imagery","volume":"8","author":"Ayad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Front. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1134\/S0001433818090098","article-title":"Monitoring anthropogenic impact on some coastal water areas of the Black Sea using multispectral satellite imagery","volume":"54","author":"Bondur","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atmos. Ocean. Phys."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2017.00329","article-title":"Application of Landsat 8 for Monitoring Impacts of Wastewater Discharge on Coastal Water Quality","volume":"4","author":"Trinh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"European Space Agency (2015). Colour Vision for Copernicus. The Story of Sentinel-2, European Space Agency. Technical Report."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.1977.22.4.0709","article-title":"Analysis of variations in ocean color","volume":"22","author":"Morel","year":"1977","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Sutcliffe, A., Brito, A.C., S\u00e1, C., Sousa, F., Boutov, D., and Brotas, V. (2016). Observa\u00e7\u00e3o da Terra: Uso de Imagens de Temperatura da Superf\u00edcie do mar e cor do Oceano para a Monitoriza\u00e7\u00e3o de \u00e1guas Costeiras e Oce\u00e2nicas, DGRM. [Eletronic ed.]. Chapter 3."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sent, G., Biguino, B., Favareto, L., Cruz, J., S\u00e1, C., Dogliotti, A.I., Palma, C., Brotas, V., and Brito, A.C. (2021). Deriving water quality parameters using sentinel-2 imagery: A case study in the Sado Estuary, Portugal. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13051043"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocecoaman.2011.06.013","article-title":"Monitoring estuarine water quality using satellite imagery. The Mondego river estuary (Portugal) as a case study","volume":"72","author":"Mantas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ocean Coast. Manag."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1016\/S1464-1909(01)00075-2","article-title":"Airborne observation of frontal systems in the inlet channel of the Ria de Aveiro, Portugal","volume":"26","author":"Silva","year":"2001","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Earth Part B Hydrol. Ocean. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-6-983-2002","article-title":"Nearshore circulation revealed by wastewater discharge from a submarine outfall, Aveiro Coast, Portugal","volume":"6","author":"Silva","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"CPU Urbanistas e Arquitetos LDA (2007). Plano Intermunicipal de Ordenamento da Ria de Aveiro, CPU Urbanistas e Arquitetos LDA."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Polis Litoral Ria de Aveiro (2022, December 12). Interven\u00e7\u00e3o de Requalifica\u00e7\u00e3o e Valoriza\u00e7\u00e3o da Ria de Aveiro. Plano Estrat\u00e9gico. Available online: https:\/\/www.polisriadeaveiro.pt\/docs\/303017N1812011317686275.pdf."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"\u00c1guas do Centro Litoral (2022, December 12). Exutores Submarinos em Manuten\u00e7\u00e3o. Available online: https:\/\/www.aguasdocentrolitoral.pt\/exutores-submarinos-em-manutencao\/?cn-reloaded=1."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.4995\/ia.2009.2954","article-title":"Monitoriza\u00e7\u00e3o de Descargas de \u00c1guas Residuais no Mar atrav\u00e9s de Ve\u00edculos Submarinos Aut\u00f3nomos (VSAs)","volume":"16","author":"Ramos","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ing. Agua"},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Blue Flag (2021, September 25). Blue Flag Sites. Available online: https:\/\/www.blueflag.global\/all-bf-sites."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"C\u00e2mara Municipal de Aveiro (2021, September 25). S\u00e3o Jacinto recebe Bandeira Azul e Bandeira de praia com Qualidade de Ouro 2020. Available online: https:\/\/www.cm-aveiro.pt\/municipio\/comunicacao\/noticias\/noticia\/sao-jacinto-recebe-bandeira-azul-e-bandeira-de-praia-com-qualidade-de-ouro-2020."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Di\u00e1rio de Aveiro (2021, September 25). Bandeira Azul Hasteada em S\u00e3o Jacinto pelo 17.\u00ba ano Consecutivo. Available online: https:\/\/www.diarioaveiro.pt\/noticia\/83628."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Malhadas, M.M.d.S. (2008). Modelling the Impact of Submarine Outfalls Plume in a Coastal Areas\u2014Foz do Arelho Case Study. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico]."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Silva, P.A., Ramos, M., Almeida, M., and Dubert, J. (2004). Water Exchange Mechanisms between Ria de Aveiro and the Atlantic Ocean. J. Coast. Res., 1622\u20131626."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sousa, M.C., Ribeiro, A.S., Des, M., Mendes, R., Alvarez, I., Gomez-gesteira, M., Dias, J.M., Si, M., Dias, J.M., and Alvarez, I. (2018, January 13\u201318). Integrated High-resolution Numerical Model for the NW Iberian Peninsula Coast and Main Estuarine Systems. Proceedings of the International Coastal Symposium (ICS), Busan, Republic of Korea.","DOI":"10.2112\/SI85-014.1"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1016\/S0399-1784(00)87681-1","article-title":"Hydrological characterisation of Ria de Aveiro, Portugal, in early summer","volume":"22","author":"Dias","year":"1999","journal-title":"Oceanol. Acta"},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Mendes, R.P.d.S. (2010). Numerical Modeling of the Ria de Aveiro Plume: A Preliminary Study. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Universidade de Aveiro]."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Sobrinho, J. (2012). Balan\u00e7o de nutrientes na plataforma continental ao largo da Regi\u00e3o de Aveiro. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico]."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"(2021, July 20). Copernincus Open Access Hub. Available online: https:\/\/scihub.copernicus.eu\/dhus\/#\/home."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"(2012, July 25). ONDA. Available online: https:\/\/www.onda-dias.eu\/cms\/services\/catalogues\/?meta_service_category2=Data-Access."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"RBINS (2021, July 26). ACOLITE. Available online: https:\/\/odnature.naturalsciences.be\/remsem\/software-and-data\/acolite."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Vanhellemont, Q. (2021). ACOLITE Python User Manual, RBINS. Version 20210114."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"European Space Agency (2021, May 15). SNAP (Sentinel Aplication Platform). Available online: https:\/\/earth.esa.int\/eogateway\/tools\/snap."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Rocha, A., Aguiar, M., Lima, K., Mendes, R., Dias, J.M., Sousa, M.C., and De Sousa, J.B. (2021). Oceans Conference Record (IEEE), IEEE."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Meteogalicia (2021, June 15). Servidor THREDDS de MeteoGalicia. Available online: http:\/\/mandeo.meteogalicia.es\/thredds\/catalogos\/WRF_2D\/catalog.html."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1833","DOI":"10.22214\/ijraset.2019.3340","article-title":"Performance Evaluation of Sewage Treatment Plant Relating to Chemical Characteristics and Re-use of Treated Sewage in Landscaping","volume":"7","author":"Dwivedi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Res. Appl. Sci. Eng. Technol."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"VEOLIA (2021, May 15). Chapter 37\u2014Wastewater Treatment. Website. Available online: https:\/\/www.watertechnologies.com\/handbook\/chapter-37-wastewater-treatment."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2017.10.022","article-title":"Sunglint correction of the Multi-Spectral Instrument (MSI)-SENTINEL-2 imagery over inland and sea waters from SWIR bands","volume":"204","author":"Harmel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Morais, M.G. (2009). Previs\u00e3o e An\u00e1lise de Nevoeiros em Portugal Continental com o Modelo de Mesoescala MM5. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Universidade de Aveiro]."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"133","article-title":"Modelling Study of the Dispersal of Pollutants at S\u00e3o Jacinto Submarine Outfall (Aveiro, Portugal)","volume":"70","author":"Ramos","year":"2003","journal-title":"WIT Trans. Built Environ."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/13\/3368\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:04:24Z","timestamp":1760126664000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/13\/3368"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,30]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]}},"alternative-id":["rs15133368"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs15133368","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,30]]}}}