{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:17:16Z","timestamp":1760149036428,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,3]],"date-time":"2023-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688342400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41830108"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41830108"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) factor \u0192\u2032 provides a bridge between the inherent and apparent optical properties (IOPs and AOPs) of inland waters. The previous BRDF studies focused on ocean waters, while few studies examine inland waters. It is meaningful to improve the theory of remote sensing of water surface and the accuracy of image derivation in inland waters. In this study, radiative transfer simulation was applied to calculate the \u0192\u2032 values using appropriate IOPs based on in situ combined with realistic boundary conditions (N = 11,232). This study shows that \u0192\u2032 factor varied over the range of 0.33\u201316.64 in Lake Nansihu, a finite depth water, higher than the range observed for the ocean (0.3\u20130.6). Our results demonstrate that the factor \u0192\u2032 depends on not only solar zenith angle (\u03b8s) but also the average number of collisions (n\u2212) and particulate backscattering ratio (b~bp). The \u0192\u2032 factor shows a continuous geometric increase as the solar zenith angle increases at 400\u2013650 nm but is relatively insensitive to solar angle in the 650\u2013750 nm range in which \u0192\u2032 increases as b~bp and n\u2212 decreases. To account for these findings, two empirical models for \u0192\u2032 factor as a function of \u03b8s, n\u2212 and b~bp are proposed in various spectral wavelengths for Lake Nansihu waters. Our results are crucial for obtaining Hyperspectral normalized reflectance or normalized water-leaving radiance and improving the accuracy of satellite products.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15133392","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,4]],"date-time":"2023-07-04T01:38:32Z","timestamp":1688434712000},"page":"3392","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Dependence of the Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function Factor \u0192\u2032 on the Particulate Backscattering Ratio in an Inland Lake"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9096-8968","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3533-9966","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lifu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"}]},{"given":"Changping","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Cen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"}]},{"given":"Qingxi","family":"Tong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.1977.22.4.0709","article-title":"Analysis of Variations in Ocean Color1: Ocean Color Analysis","volume":"22","author":"Morel","year":"1977","journal-title":"Limnol. 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