{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:18:46Z","timestamp":1760149126039,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,6]],"date-time":"2023-07-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688601600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42007424","42192535","41931076","232102321104","212102310427"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42007424","42192535","41931076","232102321104","212102310427"]}]},{"name":"Henan Province Science and Technology Research Project","award":["42007424","42192535","41931076","232102321104","212102310427"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42007424","42192535","41931076","232102321104","212102310427"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>One of the key goals of geodesy is to study the fine structure of the Earth\u2019s gravity field and construct a high-resolution gravity field model (GFM). Aiming at the current insufficient resolution problem of the EIGEN_6C4 model, the refined ultra-high degree models EIGEN_3660 and EIGEN_5480 are determined with a spectral expansion approach in this study, which is to augment EIGEN_6C4 model using topographic potential models (TPMs). A comparative spectral evaluation for EIGEN_6C4, EIGEN_3660, and EIGEN_5480 models indicates that the gravity field spectral powers of EIGEN_3660 and EIGEN_5480 models outperform the EIGEN_6C4 model after degree 2000. The augmented models EIGEN_3660 and EIGEN_5480 are verified using the deflection of the vertical (DOV) of China and Colorado, gravity data from Australia and mainland America, and GNSS\/leveling in China. The validation results indicate that the accuracy of EIGEN_3660 and EIGEN_5480 models in determining height anomaly, DOV, and gravity anomaly outperform the EIGEN_6C4 model, and the EIGEN_5480 model has optimal accuracy. The accuracy of EIGEN_5480 model in determining south\u2013north component and east\u2013west component of the DOV in China has been improved by about 21.1% and 23.1% compared to the EIGEN_6C4 model, respectively. In the mountainous Colorado, the accuracy of EIGEN_5480 model in determining south\u2013north component and east\u2013west component of the DOV has been improved by about 28.2% and 35.2% compared to EIGEN_6C4 model, respectively. In addition, gravity value comparison results in Australia and mainland America indicate that the accuracy of the EIGEN_5480 model for deriving gravity anomalies is improved by 16.5% and 11.3% compared to the EIGEN_6C4 model, respectively.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15133418","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,7]],"date-time":"2023-07-07T02:28:46Z","timestamp":1688696926000},"page":"3418","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Augmented Gravity Field Modelling by Combining EIGEN_6C4 and Topographic Potential Models"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Panpan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Civil Engineering, Henan University of Engineering, Zhengzhou 451191, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Geodesy and Earth\u2019s Dynamics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement, Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430077, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lifeng","family":"Bao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Geodesy and Earth\u2019s Dynamics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement, Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430077, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yange","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Civil Engineering, Henan University of Engineering, Zhengzhou 451191, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xinyu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geospatial Information, Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou 450001, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/s00190-021-01481-0","article-title":"Strategy for the realisation of the International Height Reference System (IHRS)","volume":"95","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. 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