{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T04:02:06Z","timestamp":1773979326427,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,8]],"date-time":"2023-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688774400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41831177"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41831177"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019QZKK0202"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019QZKK0202"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["XDA20020100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XDA20020100"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research","award":["41831177"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41831177"]}]},{"name":"Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research","award":["2019QZKK0202"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019QZKK0202"]}]},{"name":"Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research","award":["XDA20020100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XDA20020100"]}]},{"name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences Strategic Priority Research Program","award":["41831177"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41831177"]}]},{"name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences Strategic Priority Research Program","award":["2019QZKK0202"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019QZKK0202"]}]},{"name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences Strategic Priority Research Program","award":["XDA20020100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XDA20020100"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A large number of different-sized lakes exist in the inland area of the Tibetan Plateau (TP), which are examples of the important connection between the atmosphere and hydrosphere through the analysis of lake surface convergence and evaporation processes. The evaporation level changes that occur in middle\u2013large-sized lakes (surface area &gt; 50 km2) in the area directly influence the regional mass and energy balance values, atmospheric boundary layer heat and humidity structures, and weather processes occurring in the lower-reach areas. The studies conducted in the literature at present, concerning lake evaporation processes, generally overlook the differences in lake heat storage behavior due to the reduced amount of data in the literature concerning lake bathymetry. According to the in situ bathymetric data obtained for 68 middle\u2013large-sized lakes in the inner basin of the TP, in this study, we calculated their heat storage (G) change values by using the different vertical-depth water-temperature-change integral method, and we established a regression equation for the heat storage and lake surface net radiation values for 68 lakes. The evaporation rates of 134 middle\u2013large-sized lakes larger than 50 km2 in the inland are of the TP were calculated by obtaining the G regression result and adopting it into the Penman model, as well as estimating the evaporation losses of theses 134 lakes from 2002 to 2018. The result shows that the annual average evaporation rate for these lakes is 927.39 mm\/year, with an insignificant upward trend (0.10 mm\/year). This method achieved good accuracy compared with the Bowen ratio method, which estimates the evaporation rate during the ice-free season, with a high correlation coefficient (R) value of 0.95 and least root mean square error (RMSE) value of 61 mm. The annual mean evaporation rate can be divided into the southern and northern lake groups along a 34\u00b0N line with a difference of 314.41 mm\/year. The annual average evaporation volume of these lakes was 25.02 km3 and showed an upward trend of 0.35 km3\/year. Among them, the annual average evaporation volume contribution ratio of level-1 lakes (50 km2 \u2264 lake\u2019s area &lt; 100 km2, 61 lakes) was 14.04%, showing an upward trend, and the contribution of level-3 lakes (lake\u2019s area \u2265 500 km2, 10 lakes) was 41.50%, showing a downward trend. There were no obvious changes in the level-2 lakes (100 km2 \u2264 lake\u2019s area &lt; 500 km2, 63 lakes), which maintained at the same level in approximately 44.46%. Air temperature is the most important factor affecting the evaporation rate of lakes, while the lake surface area is the main factor affecting lake evaporation volume. Our study, considering the actual lake heat storage value, provides a useful reference for further improving lake water budget balance values and watershed hydrologic features in the inland closed lakes located in the TP.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15143460","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,10]],"date-time":"2023-07-10T00:47:35Z","timestamp":1688950055000},"page":"3460","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["A Quantification of Heat Storage Change-Based Evaporation Behavior in Middle\u2013Large-Sized Lakes in the Inland of the Tibetan Plateau and Their Temporal and Spatial Variations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Baolong","family":"Du","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Environment and Resources (TPESER), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4234-8748","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liping","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Environment and Resources (TPESER), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Jianting","family":"Ju","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Environment and Resources (TPESER), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}]},{"given":"Junbo","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Environment and Resources (TPESER), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}]},{"given":"Qingfeng","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Environment and Resources (TPESER), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}]},{"given":"Qiangqiang","family":"Kou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Environment and Resources (TPESER), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1038\/s43017-022-00299-4","article-title":"The imbalance of the Asian water tower","volume":"3","author":"Yao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Earth Environ."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scib.2019.02.016","article-title":"Climatic and lake environmental changes in the Serling Co region of Tibet over a variety of timescales","volume":"64","author":"Zhu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13318","DOI":"10.1038\/srep13318","article-title":"Climate change on the Tibetan Plateau in response to shifting atmospheric circulation since the LGM","volume":"5","author":"Zhu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1038\/454393a","article-title":"The Third Pole","volume":"454","author":"Qiu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1822-y","article-title":"Importance and vulnerability of the world\u2019s water towers","volume":"577","author":"Immerzeel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5550","DOI":"10.1002\/2017GL073773","article-title":"Lake volume and groundwater storage variations in Tibetan Plateau\u2019s endorheic basin","volume":"44","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-017-2127-5","article-title":"Quantifying recent precipitation change and predicting lake expansion in the Inner Tibetan Plateau","volume":"147","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1017\/jog.2019.13","article-title":"Glacial lake evolution and glacier\u2013lake interactions in the Poiqu River basin, central Himalaya, 1964\u20132017","volume":"65","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Glaciol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2125","DOI":"10.1002\/grl.50462","article-title":"Increased mass over the Tibetan Plateau: From lakes or glaciers?","volume":"40","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1002\/2016GL072062","article-title":"Lake seasonality across the Tibetan Plateau and their varying relationship with regional mass changes and local hydrology","volume":"44","author":"Lei","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13107","DOI":"10.1029\/2019GL085032","article-title":"Tibetan Plateau\u2019s Lake Level and Volume Changes from NASA\u2019s ICESat\/ICESat-2 and Landsat Missions","volume":"46","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earscirev.2020.103269","article-title":"Response of Tibetan Plateau lakes to climate change: Trends, patterns, and mechanisms","volume":"208","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Earth-Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111554","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2019.111554","article-title":"Lake water and glacier mass gains in the northwestern Tibetan Plateau observed from multi-sensor remote sensing data: Implication of an enhanced hydrological cycle","volume":"237","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3513","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-13-3513-2021","article-title":"Long term variations of actual evapotranspiration over the Tibetan Plateau","volume":"13","author":"Han","year":"2021","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2020JD032787","DOI":"10.1029\/2020JD032787","article-title":"An Enhanced MOD16 Evapotranspiration Model for the Tibetan Plateau During the Unfrozen Season","volume":"126","author":"Yuan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D12110","DOI":"10.1029\/2006JD008161","article-title":"Trends in pan evaporation and reference and actual evapotranspiration across the Tibetan Plateau","volume":"112","author":"Zhang","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2014.03.001","article-title":"Remote sensing of alpine lake water environment changes on the Tibetan Plateau and surroundings: A review","volume":"92","author":"Song","year":"2014","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1175\/JHM-D-20-0074.1","article-title":"Dynamics of Evapotranspiration and Variations in Different Land-Cover Regions over the Tibetan Plateau during 1961\u20132014","volume":"22","author":"Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeorol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2019.03.066","article-title":"Significant differences exist in lake-atmosphere interactions and the evaporation rates of high-elevation small and large lakes","volume":"573","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.18307\/20010305","article-title":"Estimates of Plateau Lake Evaporation: A Case Study of Zige Tangco","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Lake Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1007\/s11269-006-9096-1","article-title":"Lake-Level Change and Water Balance Analysis at Lake Qinghai, West China during Recent Decades","volume":"21","author":"Li","year":"2006","journal-title":"Water Resour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1294","DOI":"10.1007\/s11434-010-0015-8","article-title":"Quantitative analysis of lake area variations and the influence factors from 1971 to 2004 in the Nam Co basin of the Tibetan Plateau","volume":"55","author":"Zhu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chin. Sci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2011.05.018","article-title":"Estimation and trend detection of water storage at Nam Co Lake, central Tibetan Plateau","volume":"405","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3143","DOI":"10.1029\/2018JD029610","article-title":"Evaluating and Improving the Performance of Three 1-D Lake Models in a Large Deep Lake of the Central Tibetan Plateau","volume":"124","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2014.11.019","article-title":"Long-term energy flux and radiation balance observations over Lake Ngoring, Tibetan Plateau","volume":"155","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1002\/2016JD025027","article-title":"Evaporation and surface energy budget over the largest high-altitude saline lake on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau","volume":"121","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2014.09.009","article-title":"A new empirical procedure for estimating intra-annual heat storage changes in lakes and reservoirs: Review and analysis of 22 lakes","volume":"156","author":"Duan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asej.2013.01.004","article-title":"Evaporation estimation for Lake Nasser based on remote sensing technology","volume":"4","author":"Hassan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ain Shams Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7578","DOI":"10.1002\/2015JD024523","article-title":"Quantifying evaporation and its decadal change for Lake Nam Co, central Tibetan Plateau","volume":"121","author":"Lazhu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2016.03.030","article-title":"Evaporation variability of Nam Co Lake in the Tibetan Plateau and its role in recent rapid lake expansion","volume":"537","author":"Ma","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaay8558","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aay8558","article-title":"Quantifying the evaporation amounts of 75 high-elevation large dimictic lakes on the Tibetan Plateau","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1007\/s00704-018-2539-9","article-title":"Evaluation of ten methods for estimating evaporation in a small high-elevation lake on the Tibetan Plateau","volume":"136","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124052","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2019.124052","article-title":"Estimation of lake water storage and changes based on bathymetric data and altimetry data and the association with climate change in the central Tibetan Plateau","volume":"578","author":"Qiao","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2018.12.037","article-title":"Temporal-spatial differences in lake water storage changes and their links to climate change throughout the Tibetan Plateau","volume":"222","author":"Qiao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12864","DOI":"10.1029\/2019JD031297","article-title":"Atmospheric Water Transport to the Endorheic Tibetan Plateau and Its Effect on the Hydrological Status in the Region","volume":"124","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8507","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-19-0471.1","article-title":"Why Has the Inner Tibetan Plateau Become Wetter since the Mid-1990s?","volume":"33","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.07.205","article-title":"Difference and cause analysis of water storage changes for glacier-fed and non-glacier-fed lakes on the Tibetan Plateau","volume":"693","author":"Qiao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2021EA001913","DOI":"10.1029\/2021EA001913","article-title":"Radiative and Aerodynamic Contribution to Evaporation: Eddy-Covariance Comparison Between a Plain and a Plateau Lake","volume":"8","author":"Cui","year":"2021","journal-title":"Earth Space Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126615","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2021.126615","article-title":"The consecutive lake group water storage variations and their dynamic response to climate change in the central Tibetan Plateau","volume":"601","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scib.2019.07.018","article-title":"A robust but variable lake expansion on the Tibetan Plateau","volume":"64","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-020-0369-y","article-title":"The first high-resolution meteorological forcing dataset for land process studies over China","volume":"7","author":"He","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2020.112104","article-title":"Estimating lake temperature profile and evaporation losses by leveraging MODIS LST data","volume":"251","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2937","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-12-2937-2020","article-title":"A long-term (2005\u20132016) dataset of hourly integrated land\u2013atmosphere interaction observations on the Tibetan Plateau","volume":"12","author":"Ma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2015283118","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2015283118","article-title":"Plant uptake of CO2 outpaces losses from permafrost and plant respiration on the Tibetan Plateau","volume":"118","author":"Wei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1038\/nature20584","article-title":"High-resolution mapping of global surface water and its long-term changes","volume":"540","author":"Pekel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"95","article-title":"A new objective method for spatial interpolation of meteorological variables from irregular networks applied to the estimation of monthly mean solar radiation, temperature, precipitation and windrun","volume":"89","author":"Hutchinson","year":"1989","journal-title":"CSIRO Div. Water Resour. Tech. Memo"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quaint.2017.08.005","article-title":"Estimation of lakes water storage and their changes on the northwestern Tibetan Plateau based on bathymetric and Landsat data and driving force analyses","volume":"454","author":"Qiao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Quat. Int."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2021.126142","article-title":"Estimation of reservoir evaporation losses for China","volume":"596","author":"Tian","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2289","DOI":"10.1002\/2016JD026109","article-title":"Physical controls on half-hourly, daily, and monthly turbulent flux and energy budget over a high-altitude small lake on the Tibetan Plateau","volume":"122","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3163","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-25-3163-2021","article-title":"Contrasting hydrological and thermal intensities determine seasonal lake-level variations\u2014A case study at Paiku Co on the southern Tibetan Plateau","volume":"25","author":"Lei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2019.03.015","article-title":"Estimating reservoir evaporation losses for the United States: Fusing remote sensing and modeling approaches","volume":"226","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2019JD032334","DOI":"10.1029\/2019JD032334","article-title":"Heat Storage Effect on Evaporation Estimates of China\u2019s Largest Freshwater Lake","volume":"125","author":"Gan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"19","article-title":"First steps of a lake model intercomparison Project: LAKEMIP","volume":"15","author":"Stepanenko","year":"2010","journal-title":"Boreal Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.5194\/gmd-6-1337-2013","article-title":"A one-dimensional model intercomparison study of thermal regime of a shallow, turbid midlatitude lake","volume":"6","author":"Stepanenko","year":"2013","journal-title":"Geosci. Model Dev."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21390","DOI":"10.3402\/tellusa.v66.21390","article-title":"LakeMIP Kivu: Evaluating the representation of a large, deep tropical lake by a set of one-dimensional lake models","volume":"66","author":"Thiery","year":"2014","journal-title":"Tellus A Dyn. Meteorol. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1977","DOI":"10.5194\/gmd-9-1977-2016","article-title":"LAKE 2.0: A model for temperature, methane, carbon dioxide and oxygen dynamics in lakes","volume":"9","author":"Stepanenko","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geosci. Model Dev."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"10","article-title":"Simulation of lake evaporation with application to modeling lake level variations of Harney-Malheur Lake, Oregon","volume":"10","author":"Hostetler","year":"1990","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5045","DOI":"10.1029\/92JD02843","article-title":"Interactive coupling of a lake thermal model with a regional climate model","volume":"98","author":"Hostetler","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4293","DOI":"10.1029\/JC087iC06p04293","article-title":"The role of sublimation and condensation in the formation of ice sheet surface at Mizuho Station, Antarctica","volume":"87","author":"Fujii","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2805","DOI":"10.1002\/2015GL063456","article-title":"Is climate change implicated in the 2013\u20132014 California drought? A hydrologic perspective","volume":"42","author":"Mao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1002\/2015GL067473","article-title":"Dependence of trends in and sensitivity of drought over China (1961\u20132013) on potential evaporation model","volume":"43","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"Qiang, Y. (2021). The Effect of Heat Storage Changes on Lake Evaporation in Lakes on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. [Master\u2019s Thesis, University of Chinese Academy Sciences]. (In Chinese)."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/14\/3460\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:09:13Z","timestamp":1760126953000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/14\/3460"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,8]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]}},"alternative-id":["rs15143460"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs15143460","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,8]]}}}