{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T03:22:48Z","timestamp":1776396168438,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,9]],"date-time":"2023-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688860800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Informatization Plan of Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["CAS-WX2021SF-0107"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CAS-WX2021SF-0107"]}]},{"name":"Informatization Plan of Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["2014CB441401"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2014CB441401"]}]},{"name":"Informatization Plan of Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["2020ZD0013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020ZD0013"]}]},{"name":"the National Key Basic Research Program of China","award":["CAS-WX2021SF-0107"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CAS-WX2021SF-0107"]}]},{"name":"the National Key Basic Research Program of China","award":["2014CB441401"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2014CB441401"]}]},{"name":"the National Key Basic Research Program of China","award":["2020ZD0013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020ZD0013"]}]},{"name":"the major science and technology project of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region","award":["CAS-WX2021SF-0107"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CAS-WX2021SF-0107"]}]},{"name":"the major science and technology project of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region","award":["2014CB441401"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2014CB441401"]}]},{"name":"the major science and technology project of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region","award":["2020ZD0013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020ZD0013"]}]},{"name":"the Pioneer Hundred Talents Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["CAS-WX2021SF-0107"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CAS-WX2021SF-0107"]}]},{"name":"the Pioneer Hundred Talents Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["2014CB441401"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2014CB441401"]}]},{"name":"the Pioneer Hundred Talents Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["2020ZD0013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020ZD0013"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Radar reflectivity data snapshot fine-grained atmospheric variations that cannot be represented well by numerical weather prediction models or satellites, which poses a limit for nowcasts based on model\u2013data fusion techniques. Here, we reveal a multiscale representation (MSR) of the atmosphere by reconstructing the radar echoes from the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model simulations and the Himawari-8 satellite products using U-Net deep networks. Our reconstructions generated the echoes well in terms of patterns, locations, and intensities with a root mean square error (RMSE) of 5.38 dBZ. We find stratified features in this MSR, with small-scale patterns such as echo intensities sensitive to the WRF-simulated dynamic and thermodynamic variables and with larger-scale information about shapes and locations mainly captured from satellite images. Such MSRs with physical interpretations may inspire innovative model\u2013data fusion methods that could overcome the conventional limits of nowcasting.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15143466","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,10]],"date-time":"2023-07-10T00:47:35Z","timestamp":1688950055000},"page":"3466","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Multiscale Representation of Radar Echo Data Retrieved through Deep Learning from Numerical Model Simulations and Satellite Images"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5978-4992","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mingming","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electronic Engineering, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610225, China"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"Carbon Neutrality Research Center, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"}]},{"given":"Si","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Zifa","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"Center for Excellence in Urban Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China"}]},{"given":"Xiaole","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"}]},{"given":"Qizhong","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}]},{"given":"Yangang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Network Information Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China"}]},{"given":"Debin","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electronic Engineering, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610225, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-17-0125.1","article-title":"Scientific challenges of convective-scale numerical weather prediction","volume":"99","author":"Yano","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bull. 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