{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T17:47:08Z","timestamp":1776275228183,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,9]],"date-time":"2023-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688860800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022YFC3801203-1-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC3801203-1-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tunneling work, including the construction of municipal tunnels and metro lines, may disturb the structural health of aging buildings in densely built urban areas. Deformation monitoring and risk assessments of aging buildings are crucial to mitigate incidents and prevent losses of people\u2019s lives and properties. Time-series InSAR reveals spatio-temporal information about observed targets by extracting persistent scatterers of the structures, which can achieve the wide-range monitoring of buildings and infrastructure. However, solely relying on InSAR-derived general parameters (deformation rates and time series of specific points) cannot objectively assess the safety conditions of buildings. To address this issue, this study proposes an InSAR Nonuniform Settlement Index. First, the point targets of buildings are extracted through time-series InSAR processing. Then, using the points as inputs, the Nonuniform Settlement Index calculates the 3D settlement plane and the inclination angle of the plane corresponding to each building. In this way, the proposed Nonuniform Settlement Index acts as a subsequent analysis method of time-series InSAR to characterize the safety statuses of buildings. In our study, 147 scenes of COSMO-SkyMed images from 2013 to 2022 were used to inverse the nine-year deformation evolution of the tested area. After time-series InSAR processing and index analysis based on the above SAR datasets, cross-validation was implemented with static-level and manual investigation data. The approach was to use one aging, collapsed building affected by tunneling work, as well as the eight adjacent aging buildings. The results showed high consistency with the in situ data, which proves the efficiency of the proposed approach.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15143467","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,10]],"date-time":"2023-07-10T00:47:35Z","timestamp":1688950055000},"page":"3467","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Evaluation of Post-Tunneling Aging Buildings Using the InSAR Nonuniform Settlement Index"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8870-033X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuzhou","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen Technology Institute of Urban Public Safety, Shenzhen 518000, China"},{"name":"National Science and Technology Institute of Urban Safety Development, Shenzhen 518000, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Urban Safety Risk Monitoring and Early Warning, Ministry of Emergency Management, Shenzhen 518055, China"}]},{"given":"Wenxi","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen Technology Institute of Urban Public Safety, Shenzhen 518000, China"},{"name":"National Science and Technology Institute of Urban Safety Development, Shenzhen 518000, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Urban Safety Risk Monitoring and Early Warning, Ministry of Emergency Management, Shenzhen 518055, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6789-019X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhongqi","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen Technology Institute of Urban Public Safety, Shenzhen 518000, China"},{"name":"National Science and Technology Institute of Urban Safety Development, Shenzhen 518000, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Urban Safety Risk Monitoring and Early Warning, Ministry of Emergency Management, Shenzhen 518055, China"}]},{"given":"Qingrui","family":"Yue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen Technology Institute of Urban Public Safety, Shenzhen 518000, China"},{"name":"National Science and Technology Institute of Urban Safety Development, Shenzhen 518000, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Urban Safety Risk Monitoring and Early Warning, Ministry of Emergency Management, Shenzhen 518055, China"},{"name":"Research Institute of Urbanization and Urban Safety, School of Civil and Resource Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China"}]},{"given":"Tiandong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen Technology Institute of Urban Public Safety, Shenzhen 518000, China"},{"name":"National Science and Technology Institute of Urban Safety Development, Shenzhen 518000, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Urban Safety Risk Monitoring and Early Warning, Ministry of Emergency Management, Shenzhen 518055, China"}]},{"given":"Lu","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen Technology Institute of Urban Public Safety, Shenzhen 518000, China"},{"name":"National Science and Technology Institute of Urban Safety Development, Shenzhen 518000, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Urban Safety Risk Monitoring and Early Warning, Ministry of Emergency Management, Shenzhen 518055, China"}]},{"given":"Rumian","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen Technology Institute of Urban Public Safety, Shenzhen 518000, China"},{"name":"National Science and Technology Institute of Urban Safety Development, Shenzhen 518000, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Urban Safety Risk Monitoring and Early Warning, Ministry of Emergency Management, Shenzhen 518055, China"}]},{"given":"Yuke","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen Technology Institute of Urban Public Safety, Shenzhen 518000, China"},{"name":"National Science and Technology Institute of Urban Safety Development, Shenzhen 518000, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Urban Safety Risk Monitoring and Early Warning, Ministry of Emergency Management, Shenzhen 518055, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7605","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2022.3190027","article-title":"Blind Source Separation for MT-InSAR Analysis With Structural Health Monitoring Applications","volume":"15","author":"Hooper","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE J. 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