{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:20:44Z","timestamp":1760149244691,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,10]],"date-time":"2023-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688947200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"South Carolina NASA EPSCoR Research Grant"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Internal waves (IWs) are generated in all the oceans, and their amplitudes are large, especially in regions that receive a large amount of freshwater from nearby rivers, which promote highly stratified waters. When barotropic tides encounter regions of shallow bottom-topography, internal tides (known as IWs of the tidal period) are generated and propagated along the pycnocline due to halocline or thermocline. In the North Indian Ocean, the Bay of Bengal (BoB) and the Andaman Sea receive a large volume of freshwater from major rivers and net precipitation during the summer monsoon. This study addresses the characteristics of internal tides in the BoB and Andaman Sea using NASA\u2019s Estimating the Circulation and Climate of the Ocean (ECCO) project\u2019s high-resolution (1\/48\u00b0 and hourly) salinity estimates at 1 m depth (hereafter written as ECCO salinity) during September 2011\u2013October 2012, time series of temperature, and salinity profiles from moored buoys. A comparison is made between ECCO salinity and NASA\u2019s Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) salinity and Aquarius salinity. The time series of ECCO salinity and observed salinity are subjected to bandpass filtering with an 11\u201314 h period and 22\u201326 h period to detect and estimate the characteristics of semi-diurnal and diurnal period internal tides. Our analysis reveals that the ECCO salinity captured well the surface imprints of diurnal period internal tide propagating through shallow pycnocline (~50 m depth) due to halocline, and the latter suppresses the impact of semi-diurnal period internal tide propagating at thermocline (~100 m depth) reaching the sea surface. The semi-diurnal (diurnal) period internal tides have their wavelengths and phase speeds increased (decreased) from the central Andaman Sea to the Sri Lanka coast. Propagation of diurnal period internal tide is dominant in the northern BoB and northern Andaman Sea.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15143474","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,11]],"date-time":"2023-07-11T01:42:58Z","timestamp":1689039778000},"page":"3474","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Characteristics of Internal Tides from ECCO Salinity Estimates and Observations in the Bay of Bengal"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3465-8065","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bulusu","family":"Subrahmanyam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of the Earth, Ocean and Environment, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA"}]},{"given":"V.S.N.","family":"Murty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Oceanography Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)\u2014National Institute of Oceanography (NIO), Regional Centre, Visakhapatnam 530017, India"}]},{"given":"Sarah B.","family":"Hall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of the Earth, Ocean and Environment, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6224","DOI":"10.1029\/2018JC013852","article-title":"Energetics of semidiurnal internal tides in the Andaman Sea","volume":"123","author":"Mohanty","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. 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