{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T10:30:52Z","timestamp":1774434652981,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,10]],"date-time":"2023-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688947200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Key Disciplines of State Forestry Administration of China","award":["21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21"]}]},{"name":"Key Disciplines of State Forestry Administration of China","award":["469"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["469"]}]},{"name":"Key Disciplines of State Forestry Administration of China","award":["XSP21YBC408"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XSP21YBC408"]}]},{"name":"Key Disciplines of State Forestry Administration of China","award":["2022-KF-13"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-KF-13"]}]},{"name":"Hunan Province \u201cDouble First-class\u201d Cultivation discipline of China","award":["21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21"]}]},{"name":"Hunan Province \u201cDouble First-class\u201d Cultivation discipline of China","award":["469"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["469"]}]},{"name":"Hunan Province \u201cDouble First-class\u201d Cultivation discipline of China","award":["XSP21YBC408"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XSP21YBC408"]}]},{"name":"Hunan Province \u201cDouble First-class\u201d Cultivation discipline of China","award":["2022-KF-13"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-KF-13"]}]},{"name":"Subjects of the Hunan Provincial Social Science Assessment Committee","award":["21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21"]}]},{"name":"Subjects of the Hunan Provincial Social Science Assessment Committee","award":["469"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["469"]}]},{"name":"Subjects of the Hunan Provincial Social Science Assessment Committee","award":["XSP21YBC408"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XSP21YBC408"]}]},{"name":"Subjects of the Hunan Provincial Social Science Assessment Committee","award":["2022-KF-13"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-KF-13"]}]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Environmental Change and Natural Disaster of Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University","award":["21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21"]}]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Environmental Change and Natural Disaster of Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University","award":["469"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["469"]}]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Environmental Change and Natural Disaster of Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University","award":["XSP21YBC408"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XSP21YBC408"]}]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Environmental Change and Natural Disaster of Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University","award":["2022-KF-13"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-KF-13"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the face of rapid urbanization and global climate change, understanding the trade-offs and synergies of wetland city ecosystem services is vital for mitigating regional ecological and environmental risks, and enhancing human well-being. The Dongting Lake Basin is an ecologically fragile area of global significance. Uncontrolled resource utilization and intensive human activities have severely damaged the ecological environment, including in Miluo. Thus, it is of paramount research importance to uncover the trade-offs and synergies of ecosystem services and their driving mechanisms in Miluo. To achieve this, we classified Miluo\u2019s land use data over the past two decades using a random forest model and Landsat imagery. We quantified the major ecosystem services in Miluo by employing ecological process models such as InVEST, RUSLE, and CASA. Additionally, we examined the trade-offs and synergies between ecosystem services at different scales and identified the driving mechanisms using multi-source remote sensing data. The results revealed that forests exhibited the highest level of ecosystem services, while urban ecosystem services experienced a significant decline. Over the past two decades, Miluo displayed notable trade-offs and synergies between ecosystem services, with synergies prevailing as the dominant pattern, particularly at the county scale. Furthermore, human activities emerged as the primary driver of changes in Miluo\u2019s ecosystem services during the 20-year period. Therefore, it is imperative for scientists, policymakers, and civil society to develop effective and scientifically sound strategies to mitigate the ecological risks resulting from rapid urbanization and climate change in the future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15143479","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,11]],"date-time":"2023-07-11T01:42:58Z","timestamp":1689039778000},"page":"3479","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Understanding Spatial-Temporal Interactions of Ecosystem Services and Their Drivers in a Multi-Scale Perspective of Miluo Using Multi-Source Remote Sensing Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Shiyi","family":"Cao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Landscape Architecture, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China"},{"name":"Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang 414006, China"},{"name":"Hunan Provincial Big Data Engineering Technology Research Center of Natural Protected Areas Landscape Resources, Changsha 410004, China"},{"name":"Yuelushan Laboratory Carbon Sinks Forests Variety Innovation Center, Yueyang 414006, China"},{"name":"Institute of Urban and Rural Landscape Ecology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China"}]},{"given":"Xijun","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Landscape Architecture, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China"},{"name":"Hunan Provincial Big Data Engineering Technology Research Center of Natural Protected Areas Landscape Resources, Changsha 410004, China"},{"name":"Yuelushan Laboratory Carbon Sinks Forests Variety Innovation Center, Yueyang 414006, China"},{"name":"Institute of Urban and Rural Landscape Ecology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China"}]},{"given":"Yezi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Landscape Architecture, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China"},{"name":"Hunan Provincial Big Data Engineering Technology Research Center of Natural Protected Areas Landscape Resources, Changsha 410004, China"},{"name":"Yuelushan Laboratory Carbon Sinks Forests Variety Innovation Center, Yueyang 414006, China"},{"name":"Institute of Urban and Rural Landscape Ecology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China"}]},{"given":"Cunyou","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Landscape Architecture, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China"},{"name":"Hunan Provincial Big Data Engineering Technology Research Center of Natural Protected Areas Landscape Resources, Changsha 410004, China"},{"name":"Yuelushan Laboratory Carbon Sinks Forests Variety Innovation Center, Yueyang 414006, China"},{"name":"Institute of Urban and Rural Landscape Ecology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8292-3498","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dong","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Institute of Remote Sensing Science and Engineering, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}]},{"given":"Tingting","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Business Administration, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110189, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1394","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1461-0248.2009.01387.x","article-title":"Understanding relationships among multiple ecosystem services","volume":"12","author":"Bennett","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ecol. 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