{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T19:11:27Z","timestamp":1785352287424,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,12]],"date-time":"2023-07-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689120000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42004007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42004007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41974009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41974009"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42174046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42174046"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42274117"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42274117"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41901078"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41901078"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SKLGED2021-2-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SKLGED2021-2-6"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KF-2020-05-047"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KF-2020-05-047"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Yz2022018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Yz2022018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Yz2022023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Yz2022023"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Q20221306"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Q20221306"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Geodesy and Earth\u2019s Dynamics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology","award":["42004007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42004007"]}]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Geodesy and Earth\u2019s Dynamics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology","award":["41974009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41974009"]}]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Geodesy and Earth\u2019s Dynamics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology","award":["42174046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42174046"]}]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Geodesy and Earth\u2019s Dynamics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology","award":["42274117"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42274117"]}]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Geodesy and Earth\u2019s Dynamics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology","award":["41901078"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41901078"]}]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Geodesy and Earth\u2019s Dynamics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology","award":["SKLGED2021-2-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SKLGED2021-2-6"]}]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Geodesy and Earth\u2019s Dynamics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology","award":["KF-2020-05-047"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KF-2020-05-047"]}]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Geodesy and Earth\u2019s Dynamics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology","award":["Yz2022018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Yz2022018"]}]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Geodesy and Earth\u2019s Dynamics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology","award":["Yz2022023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Yz2022023"]}]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Geodesy and Earth\u2019s Dynamics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology","award":["Q20221306"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Q20221306"]}]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Urban Land Resources Monitoring and Simulation, Ministry of Natural Resources","award":["42004007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42004007"]}]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Urban Land Resources Monitoring and Simulation, Ministry of Natural Resources","award":["41974009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41974009"]}]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Urban Land Resources Monitoring and Simulation, Ministry of Natural Resources","award":["42174046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42174046"]}]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Urban Land Resources Monitoring and Simulation, Ministry of Natural Resources","award":["42274117"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42274117"]}]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Urban Land Resources Monitoring and Simulation, Ministry of Natural Resources","award":["41901078"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41901078"]}]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Urban Land Resources Monitoring and Simulation, Ministry of Natural Resources","award":["SKLGED2021-2-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SKLGED2021-2-6"]}]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Urban Land Resources Monitoring and Simulation, Ministry of Natural Resources","award":["KF-2020-05-047"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KF-2020-05-047"]}]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Urban Land Resources Monitoring and Simulation, Ministry of Natural Resources","award":["Yz2022018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Yz2022018"]}]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Urban Land Resources Monitoring and Simulation, Ministry of Natural Resources","award":["Yz2022023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Yz2022023"]}]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Urban Land Resources Monitoring and Simulation, Ministry of Natural Resources","award":["Q20221306"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Q20221306"]}]},{"name":"College Students Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program","award":["42004007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42004007"]}]},{"name":"College Students Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program","award":["41974009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41974009"]}]},{"name":"College Students Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program","award":["42174046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42174046"]}]},{"name":"College Students Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program","award":["42274117"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42274117"]}]},{"name":"College Students Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program","award":["41901078"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41901078"]}]},{"name":"College Students Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program","award":["SKLGED2021-2-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SKLGED2021-2-6"]}]},{"name":"College Students Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program","award":["KF-2020-05-047"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KF-2020-05-047"]}]},{"name":"College Students Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program","award":["Yz2022018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Yz2022018"]}]},{"name":"College Students Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program","award":["Yz2022023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Yz2022023"]}]},{"name":"College Students Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program","award":["Q20221306"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Q20221306"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Research Project of Hubei Provincial Department of Education","award":["42004007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42004007"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Research Project of Hubei Provincial Department of Education","award":["41974009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41974009"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Research Project of Hubei Provincial Department of Education","award":["42174046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42174046"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Research Project of Hubei Provincial Department of Education","award":["42274117"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42274117"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Research Project of Hubei Provincial Department of Education","award":["41901078"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41901078"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Research Project of Hubei Provincial Department of Education","award":["SKLGED2021-2-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SKLGED2021-2-6"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Research Project of Hubei Provincial Department of Education","award":["KF-2020-05-047"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KF-2020-05-047"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Research Project of Hubei Provincial Department of Education","award":["Yz2022018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Yz2022018"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Research Project of Hubei Provincial Department of Education","award":["Yz2022023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Yz2022023"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Research Project of Hubei Provincial Department of Education","award":["Q20221306"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Q20221306"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Tibetan Plateau (TP) has the largest number of high-altitude glaciers on Earth. As a source of major rivers in Asia, this region provides fresh water to more than one billion people. Any terrestrial water storage (TWS) changes there have major societal effects in large parts of the continent. Due to the recent acceleration in global warming, part of the water environment in TP has become drastically unbalanced, with an increased risk of water disasters. We quantified secular and monthly glacier-mass-balance and TWS changes in water basins from April 2002 to December 2021 through the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment and its Follow-on satellite mission (GRACE\/GRACE-FO). Adequate data postprocessing with destriping filters and gap filling and two regularization methods implemented in the spectral and space domain were applied. The largest glacier-mass losses were found in the Nyainqentanglha Mountains and Eastern Himalayas, with rates of \u22124.92 \u00b1 1.38 Gt a\u22121 and \u22124.34 \u00b1 1.48 Gt a\u22121, respectively. The Tien Shan region showed strong losses in its eastern and central parts. Furthermore, we found small glacier-mass increases in the Karakoram and West Kunlun. Most of the glacier mass change can be explained by snowfall changes and, in some areas, by summer rainfall created by the Indian monsoon. Major water basins in the north and south of the TP exhibited partly significant negative TWS changes. In turn, the endorheic region and the Qaidam basin in the TP, as well as the near Three Rivers source region, showed distinctly positive TWS signals related to net precipitation increase. However, the Salween River source region and the Yarlung Zangbo River basin showed decreasing trends. We suggest that our new and improved TWS-change results can be used for the maintenance of water resources and the prevention of water disasters not only in the TP, but also in surrounding Asian countries. They may also help in global change studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15143505","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,13]],"date-time":"2023-07-13T01:52:25Z","timestamp":1689213145000},"page":"3505","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Two Decades of Terrestrial Water Storage Changes in the Tibetan Plateau and Its Surroundings Revealed through GRACE\/GRACE-FO"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4182-0606","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Longwei","family":"Xiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geosciences, Yangtze University, Wuhan 430100, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Geodesy and Earth\u2019s Dynamics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430077, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hansheng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Geodesy and Earth\u2019s Dynamics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430077, China"},{"name":"College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6682-6209","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Holger","family":"Steffen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geodetic Infrastructure, Lantm\u00e4teriet, 80182 G\u00e4vle, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1127-9823","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liming","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Geodesy and Earth\u2019s Dynamics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430077, China"},{"name":"College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiang","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Geodesy and Earth\u2019s Dynamics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430077, China"},{"name":"College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lulu","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geophysics, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenfeng","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geosciences, Yangtze University, Wuhan 430100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenliang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geosciences, Yangtze University, Wuhan 430100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fan","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geosciences, Yangtze University, Wuhan 430100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6351-8104","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Baojin","family":"Qiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geoscience and Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haifu","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geosciences, Yangtze University, Wuhan 430100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Resources and Environment, Linyi University, Linyi 276000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4133","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-24180-y","article-title":"High Mountain Asian glacier response to climate revealed by multi-temporal satellite observations since the 1960s","volume":"12","author":"Bhattacharya","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate1580","article-title":"Different glacier status with atmospheric circulations in Tibetan plateau and surroundings","volume":"2","author":"Yao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5874","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-06095-1","article-title":"Annual variations of monsoon and drought detected by GPS: A case study in Yunnan, China","volume":"7","author":"Jiang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5550","DOI":"10.1002\/2017GL073773","article-title":"Lake volume and groundwater storage variations in Tibetan Plateau\u2019s endorheic basin","volume":"44","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.03.013","article-title":"Modeling and analysis of lake water storage changes on the Tibetan Plateau using multi-mission satellite data","volume":"135","author":"Song","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"014009","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/9\/1\/014009","article-title":"Glacier mass changes on the Tibetan Plateau 2003-2009 derived from ICESat laser altimetry measurements","volume":"9","author":"Neckel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo2999","article-title":"A spatially resolved estimate of High Mountain Asia glacier mass balances from 2000 to 2016","volume":"10","author":"Brun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11604","DOI":"10.1002\/2017JD026858","article-title":"Numerical modeling of the active layer thickness and permafrost thermal state across Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau","volume":"122","author":"Qin","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2016.06.002","article-title":"Groundwater storage changes in the Tibetan Plateau and adjacent areas revealed from GRACE satellite gravity data","volume":"449","author":"Xiang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Earth Planet. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Jarvis, A., Reuter, H.I., Nelson, A., and Guevara, E. (2015, August 03). Hole-Filled SRTM for the Globe Version 4, Available from the CGIAR-CSI SRTM 90 m Database. Available online: http:\/\/srtm.csi.cgiar.org."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"RGI Consortium (2017). Randolph Glacier Inventory (RGI)\u2014A Dataset of Global Glacier Outlines: Version 6.0, NSIDC. Global Land Ice Measurement from Space."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30205","DOI":"10.1029\/98JB02844","article-title":"Time variability of the Earth\u2019 s gravity field: Hydrological and oceanic effects and their possible detection using GRACE","volume":"103","author":"Wahr","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1765","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-38337-1","article-title":"A comparison of different GRACE solutions in terrestrial water storage trend estimation over Tibetan Plateau","volume":"9","author":"Jing","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiang, L., Wang, H., Steffen, H., Qiao, B., Feng, W., Jia, L., and Gao, P. (2022). Determination of Weak Terrestrial Water Storage Changes from GRACE in the Interior of the Tibetan Plateau. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14030544"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiao, J.J., Zhang, X., Liu, Y., and Kuang, X. (2015). Increased water storage in the Qaidam Basin, the North Tibet Plateau from GRACE gravity data. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0141442"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2431","DOI":"10.1002\/2016WR019656","article-title":"Improved modeling of snow and glacier melting by a progressive two-stage calibration strategy with GRACE and multisource data: How snow and glacier meltwater contributes to the runoff of the Upper Brahmaputra River basin?","volume":"53","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-018-2325-9","article-title":"Understanding the spatial differences in terrestrial water storage variations in the Tibetan Plateau from 2002 to 2016","volume":"151","author":"Deng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feng, W., Shum, C.K., Zhong, M., and Pan, Y. (2018). Groundwater Storage Changes in China from Satellite Gravity: An Overview. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10050674"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.2166\/nh.2020.039","article-title":"Spatio-temporal variations in terrestrial water storage and its controlling factors in the Eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau","volume":"52","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hydrol. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Forootan, E., Schumacher, M., Mehrnegar, N., Bezd\u011bk, A., Talpe, M.J., Farzaneh, S., Zhang, C., Zhang, Y., and Shum, C.K. (2020). An iterative ICA-based reconstruction method to produce consistent time-variable total water storage fields using GRACE and Swarm satellite data. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12101639"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2020WR028666","DOI":"10.1029\/2020WR028666","article-title":"Reconstruction of GRACE total water storage through automated machine learning","volume":"57","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125972","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2021.125972","article-title":"Bridging the gap between GRACE and GRACE follow-on monthly gravity field solutions using improved multichannel singular spectrum analysis","volume":"594","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2020JB021227","DOI":"10.1029\/2020JB021227","article-title":"Filling the data gaps within GRACE missions using singular spectrum analysis","volume":"126","author":"Yi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2021.127244","article-title":"Bayesian convolutional neural networks for predicting the terrestrial water storage anomalies during GRACE and GRACE-FO gap","volume":"604","author":"Mo","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Mayer-G\u00fcrr, T., Behzadpour, S., Ellmer, M., Kvas, A., Klinger, B., and Zehentner, N. (2022, April 19). ITSG-Grace2016-Monthly and Daily Gravity Field Solutions from GRACE, GFZ Data Services. Available online: https:\/\/dataservices.gfz-potsdam.de\/icgem\/showshort.php?id=escidoc:1697893."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Bettadpur, S. (2012). UTCSR Level-2 Processing Standards Document for Level-2 Product Release 0005, Center for Space Research University. GRACE 327-742, CSR-GR-12-xx."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"B08410","DOI":"10.1029\/2007JB005338","article-title":"Estimating geocenter variations from a combination of GRACE and ocean model output","volume":"113","author":"Swenson","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2019GL085488","DOI":"10.1029\/2019GL085488","article-title":"Replacing GRACE\/GRACE-FO C30 With Satellite Laser Ranging: Impacts on Antarctic Ice Sheet Mass Change","volume":"47","author":"Loomis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1002\/2014JB011176","article-title":"Space geodesy constrains ice-age terminal deglaciation: The global ICE-6G_C (VM5a) model","volume":"120","author":"Peltier","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-85-3-381","article-title":"The global land data assimilation system","volume":"85","author":"Rodell","year":"2004","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1007\/s00190-009-0327-0","article-title":"On the Post processing Removal of Correlated Errors in GRACE Temporal Gravity Field Solutions","volume":"83","author":"Duan","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Geod."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L08402","DOI":"10.1029\/2005GL025285","article-title":"Post-Processing Removal of Correlated Errors in GRACE Data","volume":"33","author":"Swenson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Jekeli, C. (1981). Reports of the Department of Geodetic Science and Surveying, Ohio State University. Report No. 327."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10847","article-title":"Recent contributions of glaciers and ice caps to sea level rise","volume":"482","author":"Jacob","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2504","DOI":"10.1002\/2013JB010860","article-title":"Evaluation of glacier changes in high-mountain Asia based on 10 year GRACE RL05 models","volume":"119","author":"Yi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"1501","article-title":"A Regularized Iterative Algorithm for Solving over-determined Ill-conditioned Linear Equations","volume":"46","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comput. Digit. Eng."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"14","article-title":"A simple iteration algorithm for morbid state linear equation group","volume":"21","author":"Mao","year":"1999","journal-title":"Comput. Tech. Geophys. Geochem. Explor."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1007\/s11075-007-9136-9","article-title":"Regularization Tools: A Matlab package for analysis and solution of discrete ill-posed problems","volume":"46","author":"Hansen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Numer. Algorithms"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo2513","article-title":"Substantial glacier mass loss in the Tien Shan over the past 50 years","volume":"8","author":"Farinotti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08238","article-title":"Satellite-based estimates of groundwater depletion in India","volume":"460","author":"Rodell","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24398","DOI":"10.1038\/srep24398","article-title":"Have GRACE satellites overestimated groundwater depletion in the Northwest India Aquifer?","volume":"6","author":"Long","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo1450","article-title":"Slight mass gain of Karakoram glaciers in the early twenty-first century","volume":"5","author":"Gardelle","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-7-1263-2013","article-title":"Region-wide glacier mass balances over the Pamir-Karakoram-Himalaya during 1999\u20132011","volume":"7","author":"Gardelle","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cryosphere"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1038\/s41561-019-0513-5","article-title":"Manifestations and mechanisms of the Karakoram glacier Anomaly","volume":"13","author":"Farinotti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1630","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14071630","article-title":"Inter-and Intra-Annual Glacier Elevation Change in High Mountain Asia Region Based on ICESat-1&2 Data Using Elevation-Aspect Bin Analysis Method","volume":"14","author":"Shen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1017\/jog.2022.30","article-title":"The eastern limit of \u2018Kunlun-Pamir-Karakoram Anomaly\u2019 reflected by changes in glacier area and surface elevation","volume":"68","author":"Liang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Glaciol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1234532","article-title":"A reconciled estimate of glacier contributions to sea level rise: 2003 to 2009","volume":"340","author":"Gardner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1007\/s11629-014-3220-0","article-title":"Glacier changes during the past 40 years in the West Kunlun Shan","volume":"12","author":"Bao","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Mt. Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2393","DOI":"10.1002\/2015JF003511","article-title":"Dynamics of surge-type glaciers in West Kunlun Shan, northwestern Tibet","volume":"120","author":"Yasuda","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Earth Surf."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111832","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2020.111832","article-title":"Mass balance and a glacier surge of Guliya ice cap in the western Kunlun Shan between 2005 and 2015","volume":"244","author":"Muhammad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2020GL090954","DOI":"10.1029\/2020GL090954","article-title":"Continuous estimates of glacier mass balance in high mountain Asia based on ICESat-1, 2 and GRACE\/GRACE follow-on data","volume":"48","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W02508","DOI":"10.1029\/2011WR010993","article-title":"Monitoring groundwater storage changes in the highly seasonal humid tropics: Validation of GRACE measurements in the Bengal Basin","volume":"48","author":"Shamsudduha","year":"2012","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2021.126274","article-title":"Spatiotemporal changes of terrestrial water storage and possible causes in the closed Qaidam Basin, China using GRACE and GRACE Follow-On data","volume":"598","author":"Wei","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.05.226","article-title":"Detection of hydrological variations and their impacts on vegetation from multiple satellite observations in the Three-River Source Region of the Tibetan Plateau","volume":"639","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100896","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrh.2021.100896","article-title":"Effects of climate change on terrestrial water storage and basin discharge in the Lancang River Basin","volume":"37","author":"Bibi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hydrol. Reg. Stud."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrh.2022.101286","article-title":"Variations and drivers of terrestrial water storage in ten basins of China","volume":"45","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hydrol. Reg. Stud."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2021JB022475","DOI":"10.1029\/2021JB022475","article-title":"Uplift of the Tibetan Plateau: How to Accurately Compute the Hydrological Load Effect?","volume":"127","author":"Rao","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"1165","article-title":"Advances and Perspectives in Precipitation Research for Himalayan Mountains","volume":"36","author":"Ouyang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Plateau Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s00704-015-1489-8","article-title":"Winter westerly disturbance dynamics and precipitation in the western Himalaya and Karakoram: A wave-tracking approach","volume":"125","author":"Cannon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1080\/07900627.2015.1005731","article-title":"The glaciers of the Hindu Kush Himalayas: Current status and observed changes from the 1980s to 2010","volume":"31","author":"Bajracharya","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Water Resour. Dev."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1659\/0276-4741(2005)025[0332:TKAGEA]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The Karakoram anomaly? Glacier expansion and the \u2018elevation effect\u2019, Karakoram Himalaya","volume":"25","author":"Hewitt","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mt. Res. Dev."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15391","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-15473-8","article-title":"Surge-type and surge-modified glaciers in the Karakoram","volume":"7","author":"Bhambri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo1068","article-title":"Spatially variable response of Himalayan glaciers to climate change affected by debris cover","volume":"4","author":"Scherler","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10470","DOI":"10.1002\/2017GL075284","article-title":"A hydrometeorological perspective on the Karakoram anomaly using unique valley-based synoptic weather observations","volume":"44","author":"Bashir","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate3361","article-title":"Karakoram temperature and glacial melt driven by regional atmospheric circulation variability","volume":"7","author":"Forsythe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chao, N., Wang, Z., Lo, M.H., Wei, J., Hwang, C., and Wu, T.Y. (2023, March 05). The Contribution of Middle East Irrigation to the Growth of the Karakoram Glacier. Available online: https:\/\/www.researchsquare.com\/article\/rs-2302100\/v1.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-2302100\/v1"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-9-557-2015","article-title":"Brief Communication: Contending estimates of 2003\u20132008 glacier mass balance over the Pamir\u2013Karakoram\u2013Himalaya","volume":"9","author":"Treichler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cryosphere"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jia, Y., Lei, H., Yang, H., and Hu, Q. (2020). Terrestrial water storage change retrieved by GRACE and its implication in the Tibetan Plateau: Estimating areal precipitation in Ungauged Region. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12193129"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qiao, B., Nie, B., Liang, C., Xiang, L., and Zhu, L. (2021). Spatial difference of terrestrial water storage change and lake water storage change in the Inner Tibetan Plateau. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13101984"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2909","DOI":"10.1029\/2018JD029552","article-title":"Changes in terrestrial water storage during 2003\u20132014 and possible causes in Tibetan Plateau","volume":"124","author":"Meng","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, T., Kusche, J., Shen, Y., and Chen, Q. (2020). A combined use of TSVD and Tikhonov regularization for mass flux solution in Tibetan plateau. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12122045"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1038\/s41558-022-01443-0","article-title":"Climate change threatens terrestrial water storage over the Tibetan Plateau","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2021JD035824","DOI":"10.1029\/2021JD035824","article-title":"The influence of precipitation phase changes on the recharge process of terrestrial water storage in the cold season over the Tibetan Plateau","volume":"127","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1515\/jogs-2018-0010","article-title":"The changing mass of glaciers on the Tibetan Plateau, 2002\u20132016, using time-variable gravity from the GRACE satellite mission","volume":"8","author":"Beveridge","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Geod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124652","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2020.124652","article-title":"Responses of terrestrial water storage to climate variation in the Tibetan Plateau","volume":"584","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.1093\/gji\/ggx378","article-title":"Estimating terrestrial water storage changes in the Tarim River Basin using GRACE data","volume":"211","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Int."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.03.268","article-title":"Monitoring the spatio-temporal changes of terrestrial water storage using GRACE data in the Tarim River basin between 2002 and 2015","volume":"595","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/s12040-019-1148-z","article-title":"ENSO-induced groundwater changes in India derived from GRACE and GLDAS","volume":"128","author":"Vissa","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3009","DOI":"10.1029\/1999GL011242","article-title":"Crustal compensation during mountain-building","volume":"27","author":"Zhong","year":"2000","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/14\/3505\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:11:26Z","timestamp":1760127086000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/14\/3505"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,12]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]}},"alternative-id":["rs15143505"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs15143505","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,12]]}}}