{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]],"date-time":"2026-03-07T16:43:32Z","timestamp":1772901812272,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,12]],"date-time":"2023-07-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689120000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Graduate Innovation Fund of Jilin University","award":["2022053"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022053"]}]},{"name":"Graduate Innovation Fund of Jilin University","award":["JLJZHDKF202203"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JLJZHDKF202203"]}]},{"name":"Graduate Innovation Fund of Jilin University","award":["41827803"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41827803"]}]},{"name":"Key Laboratory for Comprehensive Energy Saving of Cold Regions Architecture of Education, Jilin Jianzhu University","award":["2022053"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022053"]}]},{"name":"Key Laboratory for Comprehensive Energy Saving of Cold Regions Architecture of Education, Jilin Jianzhu University","award":["JLJZHDKF202203"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JLJZHDKF202203"]}]},{"name":"Key Laboratory for Comprehensive Energy Saving of Cold Regions Architecture of Education, Jilin Jianzhu University","award":["41827803"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41827803"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022053"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022053"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JLJZHDKF202203"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JLJZHDKF202203"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41827803"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41827803"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bow-tie antennas are utilized extensively in ground-penetrating radar (GPR) systems. In order to achieve sufficient penetration depth and resolution, the bow-tie antennas for GPR applications require low operating frequency, high gain, and excellent broadband. A novel ultra-wideband (UWB) bow-tie antenna with gain enhancement for GPR applications is proposed in this paper. First, a UWB bow-tie antenna with resistive loading is designed. The metal reflector and metamaterial loading make the bow-tie antenna directional, and loading the same metamaterial on the front side of the antenna further improves directional gain. After testing, the lowest frequency of the fabricated antenna is 317 MHz, the relative bandwidth is 98.6%, the peak gain in the frequency range is 9.3 dBi, and the size is only 0.38 \u03bb at the lowest frequency. The proposed compact antenna takes both gain and bandwidth into consideration. Finally, in order to further verify the effectiveness of the proposed antenna in the GPR system, a stepped frequency continuous wave ground-penetrating radar (SFCW-GPR) system was built. The experimental results show that the designed antenna is suitable for the GPR system of deep penetration and high-resolution detection, which is beneficial to the imaging of underground structures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15143522","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,13]],"date-time":"2023-07-13T01:52:25Z","timestamp":1689213145000},"page":"3522","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Directional and High-Gain Ultra-Wideband Bow-Tie Antenna for Ground-Penetrating Radar Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0137-2933","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuai","family":"Pi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Instrumentation and Electrical Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Geophysical Exploration Equipment, Jilin University, Ministry of Education of China, Changchun 130021, China"}]},{"given":"Tianhao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Instrumentation and Electrical Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Geophysical Exploration Equipment, Jilin University, Ministry of Education of China, Changchun 130021, China"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Instrumentation and Electrical Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Geophysical Exploration Equipment, Jilin University, Ministry of Education of China, Changchun 130021, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Daniels, D.J. 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