{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:20:10Z","timestamp":1760149210738,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,13]],"date-time":"2023-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689206400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["62231024","62131019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62231024","62131019"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Global Navigation Satellite System Reflectometry (GNSS-R) is an emerging earth observation method for remote sensing of feature parameters using reflected signals from navigation satellites, and is a purely specular bistatic forward scattering observation means with special right-handed circular polarization incident wave. In this paper, the small-slope approximation model of non-Gaussian sea surface is used as the basis to construct the scattering model for the observation geometry of GNSS-R as well as the L-band characteristics, and the fully-polarization normalized bistatic radar scattering cross section (NBRCS) are simulated by the method of polarization synthesis to analyze the scattering characteristics under different wind speeds and directions on the ocean surface, which highlights the variation of NBRCS with wind direction, and the scattering modeling accuracy is improved by comparing with the data of CYGNSS. In addition, we adopt the observation geometry deviating from purely specular geometry, discuss the scattering azimuth angle, scattering influence, and the relative relationship between different polarizations of the scattering angle under the non-specular geometry.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15143526","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,13]],"date-time":"2023-07-13T01:52:25Z","timestamp":1689213145000},"page":"3526","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Scattering Properties of Non-Gaussian Ocean Surface with the SSA Model Applied to GNSS-R"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Weichen","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Technology in Geo-Spatial Information Processing and Application System, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"},{"name":"School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Xiaochen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Technology in Geo-Spatial Information Processing and Application System, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"}]},{"given":"Bing","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Technology in Geo-Spatial Information Processing and Application System, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"}]},{"given":"Dadi","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Technology in Geo-Spatial Information Processing and Application System, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Wan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Remote Sensing and GIS, School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4853","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2012.2230401","article-title":"Space-based GNSS scatterometry: Ocean wind sensing using an empirically calibrated model","volume":"51","author":"Gleason","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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