{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:18:42Z","timestamp":1760149122925,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,14]],"date-time":"2023-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689292800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002848","name":"Agencia Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Fondecyt N\u00b01211924; ANID-MILENIO-NCS2022_009; PIA\/BASAL FB210006; PIA\/BASAL FB0002; Fondecyt N\u00b01211114"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Fondecyt N\u00b01211924; ANID-MILENIO-NCS2022_009; PIA\/BASAL FB210006; PIA\/BASAL FB0002; Fondecyt N\u00b01211114"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002848","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Outbreaks of the Ormiscodes amphimone moth are among the largest biotic disturbances in South America, defoliating vast areas of native Nothofagus pumilio forests in the Chilean and Argentinian Patagonia in the last decade. Using MODIS 16-day composites of the enhanced vegetation index and the new functions of the latest release of the \u201cnpphen\u201d R-package, we identified new maximum records of continuously defoliated area in the Ays\u00e9n region (Chilean Patagonia). This approach allowed us to detect 55,193 ha and 62,344 ha of extremely defoliated N. pumilio forest in 2019 and 2022, respectively, in an area locally known as \u201cMall\u00edn Grande\u201d. Extreme defoliation was accounted for by means of negative EVI anomalies with values falling among 5% of the lowest EVI records of the reference period (2000\u20132010). These new 2019 and 2022 outbreaks in Mall\u00edn Grande were the largest reported insect outbreaks in South American Patagonia in this century.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15143538","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,14]],"date-time":"2023-07-14T00:39:41Z","timestamp":1689295181000},"page":"3538","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["MODIS Time Series Reveal New Maximum Records of Defoliated Area by Ormiscodes amphimone in Deciduous Nothofagus Forests, Southern Chile"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Sergio A.","family":"Estay","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile"},{"name":"Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability, Facultad de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile, Santiago 7510177, Chile"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6782-3579","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto O.","family":"Ch\u00e1vez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Geo-Informaci\u00f3n y Percepci\u00f3n Remota, Instituto de Geograf\u00eda, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Valpara\u00edso, Valpara\u00edso 2362807, Chile"},{"name":"Millenium Nucleus in Andean Peatlands (AndesPeat), Arica 1000965, Chile"},{"name":"Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity, Santiago 7800003, Chile"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6159-2201","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 A.","family":"Lastra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Geo-Informaci\u00f3n y Percepci\u00f3n Remota, Instituto de Geograf\u00eda, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Valpara\u00edso, Valpara\u00edso 2362807, Chile"}]},{"given":"Ronald","family":"Rocco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Geo-Informaci\u00f3n y Percepci\u00f3n Remota, Instituto de Geograf\u00eda, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Valpara\u00edso, Valpara\u00edso 2362807, Chile"}]},{"given":"\u00c1lvaro G.","family":"Guti\u00e9rrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Millenium Nucleus in Andean Peatlands (AndesPeat), Arica 1000965, Chile"},{"name":"Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales y Recursos Naturales Renovables, Facultad de Ciencias Agron\u00f3micas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8820808, Chile"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1713-8562","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mathieu","family":"Decuyper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Guti\u00e9rrez, \u00c1.G., Ch\u00e1vez, R.O., Dom\u00ednguez-Concha, J.A., Gibson-Carpintero, S., Guerrero, I.P., Rocco, R., Urra, V.D., and Estay, S.A. (2020). Forest Pest and Disease Management in Latin America, Springer."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Paritsis, J. (2020). Forest Pest and Disease Management in Latin America: Modern Perspectives in Natural Forests and Exotic Plantations, Springer."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1111\/jen.12643","article-title":"Quantifying Massive Outbreaks of the Defoliator Moth Ormiscodes amphimone in Deciduous Nothofagus-Dominated Southern Forests Using Remote Sensing Time Series Analysis","volume":"143","author":"Estay","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Appl. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ch\u00e1vez, R.O., Rocco, R., Guti\u00e9rrez, \u00c1.G., D\u00f6rner, M., and Estay, S.A. (2019). A Self-Calibrated Non-Parametric Time Series Analysis Approach for Assessing Insect Defoliation of Broad-Leaved Deciduous Nothofagus pumilio Forests. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11020204"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"20","article-title":"Cat\u00e1logo Cr\u00edtico e Ilustrado de Las Especies de La Familia Saturniidae En Chile (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae)","volume":"68","author":"Angulo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gayana"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2010.02255.x","article-title":"Dendroecological Analysis of Defoliator Outbreaks on Nothofagus pumilio and Their Relation to Climate Variability in the Patagonian Andes","volume":"17","author":"Paritsis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-12-00001.1","article-title":"Large-Scale Control on the Patagonian Climate","volume":"26","author":"Garreaud","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1024452701153","article-title":"Large-Scale Temperature Changes across the Southern Andes: 20th-Century Variations in the Context of the Past 400 Years","volume":"59","author":"Villalba","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4266","DOI":"10.1002\/ecs2.4266","article-title":"Recent Increase in Autumn Temperature Has Stabilized Tree Growth in Forests near the Tree Lines in Chilean Patagonia","volume":"13","author":"Urra","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecosphere"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ch\u00e1vez, R.O., Estay, S.A., Lastra, J.A., Riquelme, C.G., Olea, M., Aguayo, J., and Decuyper, M. (2023). Npphen: An R-Package for Detecting and Mapping Extreme Vegetation Anomalies Based on Remotely Sensed Phenological Variability. Remote Sens., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15010073"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Ch\u00e1vez, R.O., Estay, S.A., Lastra, J.A., and Riquelme, C. (2022). An R-Package for Vegetation Phenological Cycle and Anomaly Detection Using Remote Sensing Data, PUCV, AUCH."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Didan, K., and Barreto Munoz, A. (2019). MODIS Vegetation Index User\u2019s Guide, The University of Arizona."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112829","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2021.112829","article-title":"Continuous Monitoring of Forest Change Dynamics with Satellite Time Series","volume":"269","author":"Decuyper","year":"2022","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1007\/s10980-011-9608-0","article-title":"Spatial Prediction of Caterpillar (Ormiscodes) Defoliation in Patagonian Nothofagus Forests","volume":"26","author":"Paritsis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Landsc. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez-Cat\u00f3n, M., Villalba, R., Srur, A., and Williams, A.P. (2019). Radial Growth Patterns Associated with Tree Mortality in Nothofagus pumilio Forest. Forests, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/f10060489"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1111\/ecog.04239","article-title":"Anomalous Outbreaks of an Invasive Defoliator and Native Bark Beetle Facilitated by Warm Temperatures, Changes in Precipitation and Interspecific Interactions","volume":"42","author":"Ward","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecography"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1111\/afe.12377","article-title":"Northward Shift in Temperature Sum Isoclines May Favour Ips Typographus Outbreaks in European Russia","volume":"22","author":"Romashkin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Agric. For. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1238477","article-title":"Recurrent Insect Outbreaks Caused by Temperature-Driven Changes in System Stability","volume":"341","author":"Nelson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0706.2013.00607.x","article-title":"The Role of Temperature Variability on Insect Performance and Population Dynamics in a Warming World","volume":"123","author":"Estay","year":"2014","journal-title":"Oikos"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"(2013). IPCC Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis, IPCC."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.4067\/S0716-078X2010000400012","article-title":"Temperature and Foliage Quality Affect Performance of the Outbreak Defoliator Ormiscodes amphimone (F.) (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) in Northwestern Patagonia, Argentina","volume":"83","author":"Paritsis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1111\/een.13142","article-title":"Temperature and Host Plant Species Affect the Performance and Immunocompetence of an Outbreak Defoliator in Northwestern Patagonia","volume":"47","author":"Serra","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecol. Entomol."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/14\/3538\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:11:42Z","timestamp":1760127102000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/14\/3538"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,14]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]}},"alternative-id":["rs15143538"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs15143538","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,14]]}}}