{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T20:25:52Z","timestamp":1783628752238,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,16]],"date-time":"2023-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689465600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42030112"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42030112"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42201432"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42201432"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020zzts190"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020zzts190"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Technology and Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of Central South University","award":["42030112"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42030112"]}]},{"name":"Technology and Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of Central South University","award":["42201432"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42201432"]}]},{"name":"Technology and Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of Central South University","award":["2020zzts190"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020zzts190"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Xi\u2019an region of China has been suffering from groundwater depletion, ground fissure hazards, and surface subsidence for a long time. Due to the complex tectonics and frequent human and natural activities, land deformation in the region is aggravated, posing a threat to infrastructure and human life. This study adopted the multi-orbit and multi-temporal InSAR technology to measure multi-dimensional displacements and time-series displacements in Xi\u2019an City. Through the multi-dimensional deformation verification, it was found that the control of groundwater flow direction by ground fissures is the cause of horizontal deformation. On the contrary, the flow direction of groundwater from west to east was inferred using multi-dimensional deformation. Further analysis was performed by calculating the deformation gradient of the cumulative deformation to obtain differential land subsidence and angular distortions, and it was quantitatively determined that the threshold for the generation of ground fissures caused by differential subsidence is 1\/500. Then, through the mutual verification of the time series data and the groundwater level, a positive correlation was obtained. However, due to the inconsistent geological conditions and soil layers at the monitoring positions of Well 2 and Well 3, the lag time was 64 days and 4 days, respectively. Finally, the relationship between the surface deformation and the groundwater in the sustained uplift areas was explored. The Well 1 groundwater-level data with a monitoring period of 22 years and the corresponding monitoring points\u2019 time series data were modeled; it was concluded that, in the future, the groundwater level will continue to rise and surface deformation will mainly increase, without a slowing trend. Therefore, research on the impact of surface uplift on infrastructure should be strengthened. By quantifying the relationship between land subsidence, ground fissures, and the groundwater level in Xi\u2019an, the results of this study provide a reference for groundwater monitoring and management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15143567","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,17]],"date-time":"2023-07-17T00:56:47Z","timestamp":1689555407000},"page":"3567","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Coupling the Relationship between Land Subsidence and Groundwater Level, Ground Fissures in Xi\u2019an City Using Multi-Orbit and Multi-Temporal InSAR"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Xing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhengfeng","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Central Southern China Electric Power Design Institute, Wuhan 430071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bei","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Xi\u2019an Institute of Surveying and Mapping, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8470-3405","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rong","family":"Gui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5412-2703","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"},{"name":"Hunan Geological Disaster Monitoring, Early Warning and Emergency Rescue Engineering Technology Research Center, Changsha 410004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Changjiang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Central Southern China Electric Power Design Institute, Wuhan 430071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiuhong","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The College of Geographic Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb8549","article-title":"Mapping the global threat of land subsidence","volume":"371","author":"Ezquerro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2018.11.077","article-title":"Role of agricultural activity on land subsidence in the San Joaquin Valley, California","volume":"569","author":"Jeanne","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. 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