{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T14:17:12Z","timestamp":1773497832669,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,17]],"date-time":"2023-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689552000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41905042"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41905042"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of 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project","award":["2022074"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022074"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The performance of general circulation models (GCMs) in simulating horizontal winds is important because the distribution and variation in horizontal winds are central to investigating atmospheric dynamic characteristics and processes. Also, horizontal wind data can be used to extract some of the required information on gravity waves, tides, and planetary waves. In this context, the present paper evaluates the capability of the Institute of Atmospheric Physics atmospheric general circulation model high-top version (IAP-HAGCM) in simulating the horizontal winds and tides of the troposphere and lower stratosphere by presenting a climatological and statistical comparison against observations of the powerful Beijing mesosphere\u2013stratosphere\u2013troposphere (MST) radar (39.78\u00b0N, 116.95\u00b0E) during 2012\u20132014. The results illustrated that the IAP-HAGCM can successfully reproduce the time\u2013altitude distribution of the monthly mean zonal wind and diurnal tide amplitude, albeit with some underestimation. The mean correlation coefficients and root-mean-square error for the zonal (meridional) winds were 0.94 (0.73) and 6.60 m s\u22121 (2.90 m s\u20131), respectively. Additionally, the IAP-HAGCM can capture the temporal variation in both the zonal and meridional winds. It is worth noting that, compared with the seven coupled model intercomparison project phase 6 (CMIP6) models, the IAP-HAGCM performs better in meridional wind simulations below 15 km. However, there are discrepancies in altitudinal ranges with large wind velocities, such as the westerly jet, in the transition region of the troposphere and stratosphere, and in February, April, July, and September. It is suggested that model users should take advantage of the model\u2019s simulation ability by combining this information regarding when and where it is optimal with their own research purposes. Moreover, the evaluation results in this paper can also serve as a reference for guiding improvements of the IAP-HAGCM.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15143571","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,17]],"date-time":"2023-07-17T00:56:47Z","timestamp":1689555407000},"page":"3571","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Evaluation of the Horizontal Winds Simulated by IAP-HAGCM through Comparison with Beijing MST Radar Observations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3796-5784","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yufang","family":"Tian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation (LAGEO), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"Xianghe Observatory of Whole Atmosphere, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xianghe, Langfang 065400, China"},{"name":"College of Earth and Planetary Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8064-9066","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhaoyang","family":"Chai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Earth and Planetary Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China"},{"name":"Earth System Numerical Simulation Science Center, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"International Center for Climate and Environment Sciences (ICCES), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zipeng","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Earth and Planetary Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China"},{"name":"Earth System Numerical Simulation Science Center, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics (LASG), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7515-5934","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ze","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation (LAGEO), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"Xianghe Observatory of Whole Atmosphere, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xianghe, Langfang 065400, China"},{"name":"College of Earth and Planetary Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiangbo","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Earth and Planetary Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China"},{"name":"Earth System Numerical Simulation Science Center, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"International Center for Climate and Environment Sciences (ICCES), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-17-0227.1","article-title":"The Perdigao: Peering into Microscale Details of Mountain Winds","volume":"100","author":"Fernando","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bull. 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