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Here, by comprehensively considering time span and missing data effect on the noise model of GNSS time series, we used four combined noise models to analyze the duration of the time series (ranging from 2 to 24 years) and the data gap (between 2% and 30%) effects on noise model selection and velocity estimation at 72 GNSS stations spanning from 1992 to 2022 in global region together with simulated data. Our results show that the selected noise model have better convergence when GNSS time series is getting longer. With longer time series, the GNSS velocity uncertainty estimation with different data gaps is more homogenous to a certain order of magnitude. When the GNSS time series length is less than 8 years, it shows that the flicker noise and random walk noise and white noise (FNRWWN), flicker noise and white noise (FNWN), and power law noise and white noise (PLWN) models are wrongly estimated as a Gauss\u2013Markov and white noise (GGMWN) model, which can affect the accuracy of GNSS velocity estimated from GNSS time series. When the GNSS time series length is more than 12 years, the RW noise components are most likely to be detected. As the duration increases, the impact of RW on velocity uncertainty decreases. Finally, we show that the selection of the stochastic noise model and velocity estimation are reliable for a time series with a minimum duration of 12 years.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15143572","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,18]],"date-time":"2023-07-18T01:35:16Z","timestamp":1689644116000},"page":"3572","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["The Relationship of Time Span and Missing Data on the Noise Model Estimation of GNSS Time Series"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Xiwen","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Surveying and Geoinformation Engineering, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Mine Environmental Monitoring and Improving around Poyang Lake of Ministry of Natural Resources, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China"}]},{"given":"Tieding","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Surveying and Geoinformation Engineering, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Mine Environmental Monitoring and Improving around Poyang Lake of Ministry of Natural Resources, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China"}]},{"given":"Shunqiang","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Wetland and Watershed Research Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China"}]},{"given":"Jiahui","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil and Surveying & Mapping Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Hongqi Ave., Ganzhou 341000, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9956-4380","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoxing","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil and Surveying & Mapping Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Hongqi Ave., Ganzhou 341000, China"}]},{"given":"Jean-Philippe","family":"Montillet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute Dom Luiz, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Xiaping","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geomatics, Xi\u2019an University of Science and Technology, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"}]},{"given":"Zhengkai","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Transportation Engineering, East China Jiao Tong University, Nanchang 330013, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, X., Bos, M.S., Montillet, J.P., Fernandes, R., Melbourne, T., Jiang, W., and Li, W. 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