{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T04:54:29Z","timestamp":1777006469108,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,17]],"date-time":"2023-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689552000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42076195"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42076195"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Academician Foundation of Zhang Minggao","award":["42076195"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42076195"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Using intelligent optimization algorithms to retrieve atmospheric duct parameters by monitoring automatic identification system (AIS) signals at sea is a new passive remote sensing technology for atmospheric ducts. To thoroughly compare and analyze the inversion results of different intelligent optimization algorithms and optimize the parameters of the algorithms, this study considered a simulated atmospheric duct environment for atmospheric duct inversion using the genetic, simulated annealing, and particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithms. The results indicated that the PSO algorithm exhibited the best inversion performance. The inversion results of the simulated annealing particle swarm optimization (SAPSO) and PSO algorithms under different inversion parameters were further statistically analyzed, and the atmospheric duct parameters were obtained from measured AIS signals based on the SAPSO algorithm. The inversion results verified the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm, and they continuously improved with additional calculations in the inversion algorithm. However, the changing trend gradually slowed. Therefore, in practical applications, the inversion time consumption should be balanced with the inversion effect to optimize the inversion parameters.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15143577","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,18]],"date-time":"2023-07-18T01:35:16Z","timestamp":1689644116000},"page":"3577","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Comparative Analysis of Intelligent Optimization Algorithms for Atmospheric Duct Inversion Using Automatic Identification System Signals"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2898-5166","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Li-Feng","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China"},{"name":"China Research Institute of Radiowave Propagation, Qingdao 266107, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0982-6402","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cheng-Guo","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhi-Peng","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Li-Jun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Research Institute of Radiowave Propagation, Qingdao 266107, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hong-Guang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Research Institute of Radiowave Propagation, Qingdao 266107, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qing-Lin","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Research Institute of Radiowave Propagation, Qingdao 266107, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Research Institute of Radiowave Propagation, Qingdao 266107, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ming-Chen","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Research Institute of Radiowave Propagation, Qingdao 266107, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1080\/02726340500486484","article-title":"Parabolic wave equation method applied to the tropospheric ducting propagation problem: A survey","volume":"26","author":"Sirkova","year":"2006","journal-title":"Electromagnetics"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jastp.2015.10.017","article-title":"Duct occurrence and characteristics for Bulgarian Black Sea shore derived from ECMWF data","volume":"135","author":"Sirkova","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. 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