{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T16:20:35Z","timestamp":1782318035869,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":104,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,18]],"date-time":"2023-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689638400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Autonomous Province of Trento (Italy)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents a critical analysis of image-based 3D reconstruction using neural radiance fields (NeRFs), with a focus on quantitative comparisons with respect to traditional photogrammetry. The aim is, therefore, to objectively evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of NeRFs and provide insights into their applicability to different real-life scenarios, from small objects to heritage and industrial scenes. After a comprehensive overview of photogrammetry and NeRF methods, highlighting their respective advantages and disadvantages, various NeRF methods are compared using diverse objects with varying sizes and surface characteristics, including texture-less, metallic, translucent, and transparent surfaces. We evaluated the quality of the resulting 3D reconstructions using multiple criteria, such as noise level, geometric accuracy, and the number of required images (i.e., image baselines). The results show that NeRFs exhibit superior performance over photogrammetry in terms of non-collaborative objects with texture-less, reflective, and refractive surfaces. Conversely, photogrammetry outperforms NeRFs in cases where the object\u2019s surface possesses cooperative texture. Such complementarity should be further exploited in future works.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15143585","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,19]],"date-time":"2023-07-19T00:54:01Z","timestamp":1689728041000},"page":"3585","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":90,"title":["A Critical Analysis of NeRF-Based 3D Reconstruction"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6097-5342","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabio","family":"Remondino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"3D Optical Metrology Unit, Bruno Kessler Foundation (FBK), Via Sommarive 18, 38123 Trento, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7523-2151","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali","family":"Karami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3D Optical Metrology Unit, Bruno Kessler Foundation (FBK), Via Sommarive 18, 38123 Trento, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziyang","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3D Optical Metrology Unit, Bruno Kessler Foundation (FBK), Via Sommarive 18, 38123 Trento, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Information Engineering and Computer Science, University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriele","family":"Mazzacca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3D Optical Metrology Unit, Bruno Kessler Foundation (FBK), Via Sommarive 18, 38123 Trento, Italy"},{"name":"Department Mathematics, Computer Science and Physics, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simone","family":"Rigon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3D Optical Metrology Unit, Bruno Kessler Foundation (FBK), Via Sommarive 18, 38123 Trento, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5896-1379","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rongjun","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geospatial Data Analytics Laboratory, The Ohio State University, 218B Bolz Hall, 2036 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA"},{"name":"Department of Civil, Environmental and Geodetic Engineering, The Ohio State University, 218B Bolz Hall, 2036 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA"},{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The Ohio State University, 2036 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA"},{"name":"Translational Data Analytics Institute, The Ohio State University, 1760 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luhmann, T., Robson, S., Kyle, S., and Boehm, J. 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